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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2020neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in most of the world and contributes significantly to the burden of epilepsy and other neurological morbidity. Also present in... (Review)
Review
neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in most of the world and contributes significantly to the burden of epilepsy and other neurological morbidity. Also present in developed countries because of immigration and travel, NCC is one of few diseases targeted for eradication. This paper reviews all aspects of its life cycle (taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis), with a focus on recent advances in its diagnosis, management, and control. Diagnosis of taeniasis is limited by poor availability of immunological or molecular assays. Diagnosis of NCC rests on neuroimaging findings, supported by serological assays. The treatment of NCC should be approached in the context of the particular type of infection (intra- or extraparenchymal; number, location, and stage of lesions) and has evolved toward combined symptomatic and antiparasitic management, with particular attention to modulating inflammation. Research on NCC and particularly the use of recently available genome data and animal models of infection should help to elucidate mechanisms of brain inflammation, damage, and epileptogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Cysticercosis; Humans; Neurocysticercosis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium; Taeniasis
PubMed: 32461308
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00085-19 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Sep 2020Cysticercosis (CC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is endemic in most developing countries where pigs are raised and consumed. An... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cysticercosis (CC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is endemic in most developing countries where pigs are raised and consumed. An overview of all available data of this parasite in Madagascar is lacking.
METHODOLOGY
We conducted a literature review, collecting information on published and available literature about cysticercosis in Madagascar between January 1st, 1990 and June 30th, 2020.
RESULTS
Out of 858 publications; 61 were included, issued from peer-review indexed journals, non-indexed journals, books, Ministry reports and press releases. In Madagascar, porcine cysticercosis has been reported since 1901; human cysticercosis is highly prevalent with an overall estimated seroprevalence between 7 and 21%. Serological analysis is based on Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot techniques (EITB) for confirmative testing. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common pattern of cysticercosis in Madagascar and it is reponsible for pediatric morbidity causing more than 50% of epilepsy cases. Though CT-Scan is now available and tends to be considered the gold standard for NCC diagnosis, it remains unaffordable for most Malagasy patients and implies the proposal of a diagnostic algorithm for physicians.
CONCLUSIONS
Our review has revealed that human taeniasis and bovine cysticercosis is a considerable burden in Madagascar. A national control program has been developed aiming to decrease the seroprevalence rate from 16 to 10% in 2015. The aim of the country is now to implement a CC control and elimination program. Meanwhile, some massive cysticercosis screenings have been conducted in the capital Antananarivo to drive people's attention on this widespread infection.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Madagascar; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium
PubMed: 33031077
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.13450 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2023
Topics: Humans; Neurocysticercosis; Cysticercosis; Muscular Diseases; Brain Diseases; Brain
PubMed: 37878829
DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0439-2023 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Dec 2021
Topics: Cysticercosis; Humans
PubMed: 34981737
DOI: No ID Found -
Parasites & Vectors Mar 2017Taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis have been ranked as the most important food-borne parasites of humans in terms of public health, socioeconomic and trade... (Review)
Review
Taeniasis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis have been ranked as the most important food-borne parasites of humans in terms of public health, socioeconomic and trade impact. Despite this, information on these food-borne zoonoses in Vietnam is scarce and fragmented, and many local reports remain inaccessible to the international research community. This study aims to conduct comprehensive literature searches to report on the incidence and estimate the true prevalence of taeniasis in humans and T. solium cysticercosis in humans and pigs in Vietnam utilizing Bayesian models; in addition, to report the incidence and the distribution of trichinellosis. A Bayesian approach was used to estimate the true prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis based on published diagnostic test characteristics used in each published cross-sectional survey. The utilization of coproscopic-based examination of Taenia eggs in stool, although highly specific for genus-level detection, has poor sensitivity and led to an underestimation of the prevalence of human taeniasis. Similarly, post-mortem-based surveys of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs also led to the underestimation of prevalence of porcine cysticercosis. On the other hand, the low specificity of immunodiagnostic methods, in particular Ab-ELISA, led to a likely overestimation of T. solium cysticercosis in humans. Due to the use of imperfect diagnosis tests combined with poor descriptions of sampling methods, our ability to draw solid conclusions from these data is limited. We estimate that the true prevalence of taeniasis and T. solium cysticercosis in rural 'hotspots', is as high as 13% for each, in humans. Taeniasis and T. solium cysticercosis occurs in 60 of the 63 provinces of Vietnam. Most of the information relating to the distribution and prevalence of porcine cysticercosis is limited to commercial abattoir surveys. In Vietnam, Taenia asiatica appears to be confined to the north where it occurs sympatrically with T. solium and Taenia saginata. The status of T. asiatica in Central and South Vietnam remains unascertained. To date, five outbreaks of trichinellosis have been reported in the north and northwest of Vietnam, affecting a total of 114 people and responsible for eight fatalities. In the same region, studies of free-roaming pigs showed evidence of high levels of exposure to Trichinella and, in cases where larvae were recovered, the species present were identified as Trichinella spiralis. Based on five studies, the main risk factors for pork-borne zoonoses in Vietnam include the consumption of undercooked/raw meat and vegetables and the use of night-soil for fertilization of local produce. This systematic review draws attention to the importance of these pork-borne zoonoses.
Topics: Animals; Cysticercosis; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Red Meat; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taeniasis; Vietnam
PubMed: 28320455
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2085-9 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Apr 2022Infections with the tapeworm Taenia solium (taeniosis and cysticercosis) are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) highly endemic in Madagascar. These infections are however...
BACKGROUND
Infections with the tapeworm Taenia solium (taeniosis and cysticercosis) are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) highly endemic in Madagascar. These infections are however underdiagnosed, underreported and their burden at the community level remains unknown especially in rural remote settings. This study aims at assessing the prevalence of T. solium infections and associated risk factors in twelve remote villages surrounding Ranomafana National Park (RNP), Ifanadiana District, Madagascar.
METHODOLOGY
A community based cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2016. Stool and serum samples were collected from participants. Tapeworm carriers were identified by stool examination. Taenia species and T. solium genotypes were characterised by PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Detection of specific anti-cysticercal antibodies (IgG) or circulating cysticercal antigens was performed by ELISA or EITB/Western blot assays.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Of the 459 participants with paired stool and blood samples included ten participants from seven distinct villages harbored Taenia spp. eggs in their stools samples DNA sequencing of the cox1 gene revealed a majority of T. solium Asian genotype (9/10) carriage. The overall seroprevalences of anti-cysticercal IgGs detected by ELISA and EITB were quite similar (27.5% and 29.8% respectively). A prevalence rate of 12.4% of circulating cysticercal antigens was observed reflecting cysticercosis with viable cysts. Open defecation (Odds Ratio, OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3) and promiscuity with households of more than 4 people (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) seem to be the main risk factors associated with anticysticercal antibodies detection. Being over 15 years of age would be a risk factor associated with an active cysticercosis (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.7). Females (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) and use of river as house water source (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-1.5) were less likely to have cysticercosis with viable cysts.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
This study indicates a high exposure of the investigated population to T. solium infections with a high prevalence of cysticercosis with viable cysts. These data can be useful to strengthen public health interventions in these remote settings.
Topics: Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Cysticercus; Cysts; Female; Humans; Madagascar; Neglected Diseases; Prevalence; Rainforest; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium; Taeniasis
PubMed: 35404983
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010265 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Apr 2014Several reports on taeniasis and cysticercosis in Vietnam show that they are distributed in over 50 of 63 provinces. In some endemic areas, the prevalence of taeniasis... (Review)
Review
Several reports on taeniasis and cysticercosis in Vietnam show that they are distributed in over 50 of 63 provinces. In some endemic areas, the prevalence of taeniasis was 0.2-12.0% and that of cysticercosis was 1.0-7.2%. The major symptoms of taeniasis included fidgeted anus, proglottids moving out of the anus, and proglottids in the feces. Clinical manifestations of cysticercosis in humans included subcutaneous nodules, epileptic seizures, severe headach, impaired vision, and memory loss. The species identification of Taenia in Vietnam included Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata, and Taenia solium based on combined morphology and molecular methods. Only T. solium caused cysticercosis in humans. Praziquantel was chosen for treatment of taeniasis and albendazole for treatment of cysticercosis. The infection rate of cysticercus cellulosae in pigs was 0.04% at Hanoi slaughterhouses, 0.03-0.31% at provincial slaughterhouses in the north, and 0.9% in provincial slaughterhouses in the southern region of Vietnam. The infection rate of cysticercus bovis in cattle was 0.03-2.17% at Hanoi slaughterhouses. Risk factors investigated with regard to transmission of Taenia suggested that consumption of raw meat (eating raw meat 4.5-74.3%), inadequate or absent meat inspection and control, poor sanitation in some endemic areas, and use of untreated human waste as a fertilizer for crops may play important roles in Vietnam, although this remains to be validated.
Topics: Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cysticercosis; Feces; Humans; Meat; Praziquantel; Raw Foods; Risk Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vietnam
PubMed: 24850954
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.125 -
The American Journal of Tropical... May 2016Human taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium has been identified as a potentially eradicable disease by the International Task Force for... (Review)
Review
Human taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium has been identified as a potentially eradicable disease by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication of the World Health Organization. In southeast Asia, T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is considered one of the major neglected tropical diseases afflicting the region. In the last few decades, a considerable effort has been invested toward establishing the epidemiology and burden of disease in several southeast Asian countries. Moreover, further evidence is emerging as to understanding the dynamics of disease transmission and cultural, political, and socioeconomic factors influencing the success of control and eradication efforts within the region. However, despite major collaborations by several champion groups, advances have been slow and little remains known about the complete epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis and the barriers to programmatic success. This review article aims to address the above issues with a further focus on the challenges to control and eradicate taeniasis/cysticercosis within the southeast Asia region.
Topics: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Cysticercosis; Humans; Taenia solium; Taeniasis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 26834197
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0684 -
Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in Tanzania.BMC Infectious Diseases Jun 2022Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniasis (TSCT) is reported to be endemic in pig producing areas around the world, causing significant disease burden and economic losses.
BACKGROUND
Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniasis (TSCT) is reported to be endemic in pig producing areas around the world, causing significant disease burden and economic losses.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) regarding TSCT in four districts, namely Mbulu, Mpwapwa, Mbinga, and Rungwe in Tanzania. Data on KAP were collected through questionnaire-based interviews and household infrastructure observations.
RESULTS
Knowledge about porcine cysticercosis was good, particularly among pig keepers across the districts. Many participants had heard about the pork tapeworm (T. solium taeniasis), and the knowledge about signs/symptoms and treatment was fair, but the means of transmission and prevention measures were often unknown. Whilst most participants were familiar with epilepsy, no one knew anything about human cysticercosis and the link between cysticercosis and epileptic seizures. A similar trend is reflected through the attitudes toward the low risk perception of cysticercosis infection. Not surprisingly, the risk perception of the infection with the pork tapeworm was low too. Many participants reported not washing their hands before eating or after using the toilet which highlights potential risks for the development of human cysticercosis. Albeit nearly every participant reported using the toilet always, household observations revealed that toilets were either lacking or had no complete walls. Generally, household observations revealed a discrepancy between questionnaire answers on the one hand and the availability of toilet and handwashing facilities and the confinement of pigs on the other hand.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates knowledge gaps and adverse practices which may hinder and/or slow down the control/elimination of T. solium in endemic countries. The study results are also useful for appropriate designing of TSCT health interventions that need to be planned carefully, taking into account the local context and designing TSCT in partnership with the local communities from the beginning to the end applying a One Health approach to allow the possible sustained and best impacts.
Topics: Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysticercosis; Epilepsy; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Swine; Swine Diseases; Taenia solium; Taeniasis; Tanzania
PubMed: 35692033
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07408-0 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022cysticercosis is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in pig-raising and pork-consuming parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This review aimed to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
UNLABELLED
cysticercosis is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in pig-raising and pork-consuming parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This review aimed to systematically compile and synthesize data on the epidemiology of porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region. Comprehensive searching strategies were employed to retrieve the studies published or reported between January 1,1997 and March 1, 2021, from Pub Med, Hinari, and Google Scholar databases and search platforms. The identified studies that met the inclusion criteria were then appraised for methodological quality. Finally, 44 studies obtained from nine countries were selected and included in this review. Relevant data were extracted using standardized templates for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of porcine cysticercosis in the ESA region was 17% (95% CI: 14-20%). The prevalence level between and within countries showed high variability. The pooled estimate showed high heterogeneity among the reports (the inverse variance index value (I) of 98.99%, < 0.05). The meta-analysis sub-grouped by the type of diagnostic test showed the pooled prevalence estimate of 27% (95% CI: 9-50) by carcass dissection; 23% (95% CI: 14-33) by Antibody-based immunodiagnostic techniques; 23% (95% CI: 18-29) by antigen detecting (Ag)-ELISA, 12% (95% CI: 7-18) by meat inspection, and 9% (95% CI: 7-11) by lingual examination. The meta-analysis sub-grouped by region showed a relatively higher pooled prevalence estimate for the Southern region 22% (95% CI: 15-30) compared to 13% (95% CI: 11-15) in the Eastern region. The highest country-based pooled prevalence was obtained from South Africa (33%, 95% CI: 20-48) and Zambia (22%, 95% CI: 16-29), whereas the lowest pooled prevalence was identified in Madagascar (5%, 95% CI: 4-5) and Rwanda (7%, 95% CI: 6-8). The lack of latrine, traditional pig husbandry practices, unprotected water sources, and increase in age were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis in the pooled studies. The findings of this review will provide context-specific input to prioritize the possible intervention programs for control in the ESA region. More sensitive and specific test-based prevalence estimates, detailed risk factor investigations, and financial losses analysis are needed to establish feasible control strategies.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42021238931.
Topics: Africa, Southern; Animals; Cysticercosis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35372187
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.836177