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Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021The apical papilla is a stem cell rich tissue located at the base of the developing dental root and is responsible for the progressive elongation and maturation of the... (Review)
Review
The apical papilla is a stem cell rich tissue located at the base of the developing dental root and is responsible for the progressive elongation and maturation of the root. The multipotent stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) are extensively studied in cell culture since they demonstrate a high capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation and are thus an attractive stem cell source for stem cell-based therapies. Currently, only few studies are dedicated to determining the role of the apical papilla in dental root development. In this review, we will focus on the architecture of the apical papilla and describe the specific SCAP signaling pathways involved in root maturation. Furthermore, we will explore the heterogeneity of the SCAP phenotype within the tissue and determine their micro-environmental interaction. Understanding the mechanism of postnatal dental root growth could further aid in developing novel strategies in dental root regeneration.
PubMed: 34026757
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665600 -
Stem Cells International 2022Tertiary dentin results from the interplay between the host defense and dental injury or infection. Modern endodontics aiming vital pulp treatment take the tertiary... (Review)
Review
Tertiary dentin results from the interplay between the host defense and dental injury or infection. Modern endodontics aiming vital pulp treatment take the tertiary dentin formation as the interim step, with the final goal of a physiological pulp-dentin like tissue regeneration. Dental pulp stem cells have been nominated for contributing to differentiating into odontoblast-like cells who are responsible for reparative dentin formation. Understanding the original dentin formation mechanism provides us a blueprint while exploring the reparative dentin formation mechanism builds bridge to bonafide pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. Among all the regulators, growth factors have long been revealed under the spotlight. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family has been implicated in critical events of inducing dentin formation, which is essential for pulp treatment. The expression of IGF family members including IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, and IGF2R has been well characterized in dental papilla cells, dental pulp stem cells, and periodontal ligament cells. Recent studies indicated IGF binding to the receptors activated pathways, including MAPK pathway, and AKT pathway, orchestrated proliferation, and differentiation, and finally, contributed to dentin formation. This review summarizes the role of IGF family in dentin formation during tooth development and tertiary dentin formation during dentin-pulp repair and sheds light on key parts of research for future treatment improvements.
PubMed: 35432548
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3737346 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2011Odontogenic tumors comprise a complex group of lesions of diverse histopathological types and clinical behavior. The group of mixed odontogenic tumors, which are also...
Odontogenic tumors comprise a complex group of lesions of diverse histopathological types and clinical behavior. The group of mixed odontogenic tumors, which are also rare, is composed of proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a cellular ectomesenchyme resembling dental papilla. Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor. The present case report discusses this tumor composed of odontogenic epithelium and odontogenic mesenchyme with dentin or dentin like tissue. The present paper also throws light on various histological similarities and complexities which make the interpretation of these set of odontogenic tumors a diagnostic dilemma.
Topics: Dentin; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelium; Humans; Male; Maxillary Neoplasms; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Middle Aged; Odontogenic Tumors
PubMed: 21891911
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.84287 -
World Journal of Stem Cells Nov 2021Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem... (Review)
Review
Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development. The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects. With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering, dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue. This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration, which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.
PubMed: 34909114
DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1610 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be identified in mammalian teeth. Currently, dental-derived MSCs (DMSCs) has become a collective term for all the MSCs isolated from... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be identified in mammalian teeth. Currently, dental-derived MSCs (DMSCs) has become a collective term for all the MSCs isolated from dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental follicle, apical papilla, and even gingiva. These DMSCs possess similar multipotent potential as bone marrow-derived MSCs, including differentiation into cells that have the characteristics of odontoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, epithelial cells, neural cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. Besides, DMSCs also have powerful immunomodulatory functions, which enable them to orchestrate the surrounding immune microenvironment. These properties enable DMSCs to have a promising approach in injury repair, tissue regeneration, and treatment of various diseases. This review outlines the most recent advances in DMSCs' functions and applications and enlightens how these advances are paving the path for DMSC-based therapies.
PubMed: 34239870
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654559 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2022The regeneration and maintenance of the interdental papilla presents a great challenge to the clinician while smile designing. Proportions of papilla height (PH),...
BACKGROUND
The regeneration and maintenance of the interdental papilla presents a great challenge to the clinician while smile designing. Proportions of papilla height (PH), crestal PH (CPH), and proximal contact areas (PCA) are more stable parameters.
AIM
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and correlate the papilla proportion (PP), crestal PP (CPP), and PCA proportion (PCAP) in periodontally healthy males and females.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and twenty patients in an age group of 20-40 years, divided equally based on gender, were assessed for PH, CPH, and PCA of maxillary anterior teeth. The findings were recorded on study models and radiographs to obtain the PP, CPP, and PCAP on the mesial and distal aspects of respective tooth.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The overall comparison of parameters was performed using paired -test.
RESULTS
The mean mesial PP (43.51% ± 3.10% for male and 45.23% ± 2.23% for female) and CPP values (48.36% ± 3.35% for male and 51.16% ± 2.96% for female) were found to be greater of each tooth type and were more pronounced for females. The PCAP values were greater for distal aspects (36.76% ± 7.00% for males and 33.30% ± 6.93% for females).
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that PP and CPP are more pronounced in females, while the PCAP is more marked in males. Furthermore, it appears that the PP and CPP are inversely related to the PCAP in both males and females.
PubMed: 36339384
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_251_21 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2019Challenges with traditional endodontic treatment for immature permanent teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis have prompted interest in tissue engineering approaches to... (Review)
Review
Challenges with traditional endodontic treatment for immature permanent teeth exhibiting pulp necrosis have prompted interest in tissue engineering approaches to regenerate the pulp-dentin complex and allow root development to continue. These procedures are known as regenerative endodontic therapies. A fundamental component of the regenerative endodontic process is the presence of a scaffold for stem cells from the apical papilla to adhere to, multiply and differentiate. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the biomaterial scaffolds that have been investigated to support stem cells from the apical papilla in regenerative endodontic therapy and to identify potential biomaterials for future research. An electronic search was conducted using Pubmed and Novanet databases for published studies on biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative endodontic therapies, as well as promising biomaterial candidates for future research. Using keywords "regenerative endodontics," "scaffold," "stem cells" and "apical papilla," 203 articles were identified after duplicate articles were removed. A second search using "dental pulp stem cells" instead of "apical papilla" yielded 244 articles. Inclusion criteria included the use of stem cells from the apical papilla or dental pulp stem cells in combination with a biomaterial scaffold; articles using other dental stem cells or no scaffolds were excluded. The investigated scaffolds were organized in host-derived, naturally-derived and synthetic material categories. It was found that the biomaterial scaffolds investigated to date possess both desirable characteristics and issues that limit their clinical applications. Future research investigating the scaffolds presented in this article may, ultimately, point to a protocol for a consistent, clinically-successful regenerative endodontic therapy.
PubMed: 31803727
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00317 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Aug 2020Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrinal disorder affecting worldwide and the disease incidence is rising alarmingly high. The effects of diabetes on tooth development are explored by limited studies and their molecular insights are very rarely studied. This systematic review is aimed to provide the best scientific literature source on the molecular insights into odontogenesis in hyperglycemic environment caused by diabetes mellitus or by maternal diabetes on the offspring. The literature search was conducted on the databases, namely PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, and Scopus. The original studies exploring the alterations in the molecular pathways of odontogenesis in diabetes mellitus were selected. Data were extracted, chosen, and evaluated by two independent researchers. At the end of thorough data search, four articles were eligible for the review. Three articles brought out the molecular pathways involved in the offspring of gestational diabetes through animal models. Fourth article was an study, which treated the stem cells in hyperglycemic environment and drafted the molecular pathway. The altered molecular pathways in dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs), dental papilla cells (DPCs), and stem cells from apical papilla were studied and empowered with statistical analysis. Thus with this systematic review, we conclude that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 downregulation causing deoxyribonucleic acid hypermethylation and gene silencing, activation of toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway are involved in suppressing cell proliferation and accelerated apoptosis in DESCs in high glucose environment. DPCs are suppressed from odonto differentiation by activation of TLR4 signaling and resulting inhibition of SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation in diabetic condition. NF-κB pathway activation causes decreased cell proliferation and enhanced differentiation in apical papilla stem cells in hyperglycemia. Further studies targeting various stages of odontogenesis can reveal more molecular insight.
PubMed: 33149430
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_159_20 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2021Access to apical root canal system is gained after flap elevation using various incision techniques. Soft-tissue healing after periradicular surgery may include gingival... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Access to apical root canal system is gained after flap elevation using various incision techniques. Soft-tissue healing after periradicular surgery may include gingival recession, papilla recession, changes in probing depth, and clinical attachment loss.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of full sulcular flap design versus papilla-sparing flap design on the periodontal parameters in periradicular surgeries.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic and manual searches were conducted in multiple databases including PubMed, Dental and Oral Sciences, Cochrane, and CINAHL Plus until May 2019. Initial search yielded 2575 studies with 5 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. The primary outcomes assessed were gingival recession and change in the papilla height. The secondary outcomes evaluated were probing depth, clinical attachment loss, postoperative pain, bleeding, and discomfort. Random-effects model was employed for computation of effect size, and forest plots were made.
RESULTS
Out of the five articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria, three were randomized control trials and two were nonrandom trials. No significant differences were found in the gingival recession ( = 0.79), papilla height ( = 0.55), gingival bleeding, and plaque indices. Statistically significant differences in probing depth ( = 0.006) and clinical attachment loss ( = 0.0004) were observed for the two flap designs in probing depth ( = 0.006) and clinical attachment loss ( = 0.0004).
CONCLUSIONS
The present systematic review and meta-analysis showed that probing depth and attachment loss are affected by the choice of flap design. On the other hand, gingival recession and papilla height are not influenced by the type of incision. However, finding of the present review may change if more studies on this topic will be included in the future. Therefore, more clinical trials with long-term follow-ups are needed.
PubMed: 34158683
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_290_20 -
Cell and Tissue Research Feb 2021The dental pulp, a non-mineralized connective tissue uniquely encased within the cavity of the tooth, provides a niche for diverse arrays of dental mesenchymal stem... (Review)
Review
The dental pulp, a non-mineralized connective tissue uniquely encased within the cavity of the tooth, provides a niche for diverse arrays of dental mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells in the dental pulp, including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs), have been isolated from human tissues with an emphasis on their potential application to regenerative therapies. Recent studies utilizing mouse genetic models shed light on the identities of these mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from neural crest cells (NCCs) in their native conditions, particularly regarding how they contribute to homeostasis and repair of the dental tissue. The current concept is that at least two distinct niches for stem cells exist in the dental pulp, e.g., the perivascular niche and the perineural niche. The precise identities of these stem cells and their niches are now beginning to be unraveled thanks to sophisticated mouse genetic models, which lead to better understanding of the fundamental properties of stem cells in the dental pulp and the apical papilla in humans. The new knowledge will be highly instrumental for developing more effective stem cell-based regenerative therapies to repair teeth in the future.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Dental Papilla; Dental Pulp; Mice; Models, Genetic; Stem Cell Niche; Stem Cells
PubMed: 32803323
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03271-0