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Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2008Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition: The interplay of chemical, biological and behavioural factors is crucial and helps explain why some individuals exhibit... (Review)
Review
Dental erosion is a multifactorial condition: The interplay of chemical, biological and behavioural factors is crucial and helps explain why some individuals exhibit more erosion than others. The erosive potential of erosive agents like acidic drinks or foodstuffs depends on chemical factors, e.g. pH, titratable acidity, mineral content, clearance on tooth surface and on its calcium-chelation properties. Biological factors such as saliva, acquired pellicle, tooth structure and positioning in relation to soft tissues and tongue are related to the pathogenesis of dental erosion. Furthermore, behavioural factors like eating and drinking habits, regular exercise with dehydration and decrease of salivary flow, excessive oral hygiene and, on the other side, an unhealthy lifestyle, e.g. chronic alcoholism, are predisposing factors for dental erosion. There is some evidence that dental erosion is growing steadily. To prevent further progression, it is important to detect this condition as early as possible. Dentists have to know the clinical appearance and possible signs of progression of erosive lesions and their causes such that adequate preventive and, if necessary, therapeutic measures can be initiated. The clinical examination has to be done systematically, and a comprehensive case history should be undertaken such that all risk factors will be revealed.
Topics: Acids; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Dental Enamel Solubility; Dental Pellicle; Diet; Diet, Cariogenic; Humans; Middle Aged; Odontometry; Risk Factors; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 18228059
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-007-0179-z -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Dec 2022The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water retention, and its glycans are an important nutrient for oral bacteria. This review aimed to describe the role of MUC5B in oral health and examine changes in its levels and composition in cases of hyposalivation and xerostomia.
HIGHLIGHT
In cases of hyposalivation, the reduction of total salivary MUC5B levels and MUC5B glycosylation patterns due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and medication intake appeared insignificantly limited. In patients with SS, xerostomia was related to reduced MUC5B levels at the anterior tongue. In cases of xerostomia, MUC5B glycosylation might be reduced, yet other factors such as total protein concentration, MUC7 levels and glycosylation, and salivary spinnbarkeit are involved. In contrast to SS- and medication-induced hyposalivation, radiotherapy in the head and neck region leads to a bona fide reduction in salivary MUC5B levels.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that MUC5B levels are clearly impaired in hyposalivation and xerostomia related to radiotherapy in the head and neck region versus those related to SS and medication intake. A reduction in glycosylation in the case of dry mouth appears associated with MUC5B and MUC7 as well as other factors.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Saliva; Xerostomia; Sjogren's Syndrome; Dental Pellicle; Mucin-5B
PubMed: 36206992
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.09.005 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Dec 2020All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms.
OBJECTIVES AND FINDINGS
The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or "easy-to-clean" surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review.
CONCLUSION
Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Pellicle; Mouth; Surface Properties
PubMed: 33111157
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03646-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2016The repair of early dental caries lesions has been demonstrated by the application of the remineralisation technology based on casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous...
The repair of early dental caries lesions has been demonstrated by the application of the remineralisation technology based on casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes (CPP-ACP). These complexes consist of an amorphous calcium phosphate mineral phase stabilised and encapsulated by the self-assembly of milk-derived phosphopeptides. During topical application of CPP-ACP complexes in the oral cavity, the CPP encounters the enamel pellicle consisting of salivary proteins and peptides. However the interactions of the CPP with the enamel salivary pellicle are not known. The studies presented here reveal that the predominant peptides of CPP-ACP complexes do interact with specific salivary proteins and peptides of the enamel pellicle, and provide a mechanism by which the CPP-ACP complexes are localised at the tooth surface to promote remineralisation.
Topics: Caseins; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Protein Binding; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 27294918
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060915 -
Biomedicines Mar 2022The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle... (Review)
Review
The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle that allows bacterial adhesion-colonization-proliferation, co-aggregation and biofilm maturation in a complex microbial community. There is a constant bidirectional crosstalk between human host and its oral microbiome. The paper presents the fundamentals regarding the oral microbiome and its relationship to modulator factors, oral and systemic health. The modern studies of oral microorganisms and relationships with the host benefits are based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals such as antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, surface active or abrasive agents and plant-derived ingredients may influence the oral microbiome. Many studies found associations between oral dysbiosis and systemic disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular, diabetes, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. We outline the general and individual factors influencing the host-microbial balance and the possibility to use the analysis of the oral microbiome in prevention, diagnosis and treatment in personalized medicine. Future therapies should take in account the restoration of the normal symbiotic relation with the oral microbiome.
PubMed: 35327473
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030671 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Oct 2022Salivary pellicle was modified with bioproducts and we assessed the change in tooth color and the protection of enamel to erosion. Human enamel specimens were assigned...
Salivary pellicle was modified with bioproducts and we assessed the change in tooth color and the protection of enamel to erosion. Human enamel specimens were assigned to one of three solutions: grape seed extract or black tea (bioproducts), or deionized water (negative control); after which one half the specimens underwent erosive challenges. The specimens underwent 15 cycles involving salivary pellicle formation (10 min, 37°C), incubation in solution (2 min, 25°C), subsequent pellicle formation (90 min, 37°C). Half of the specimens was kept in a humid chamber and the other half was submitted to erosion (2 min, 1% citric acid). After 15 such cycles, the pellicle was removed. Tooth color and the surface reflection intensity were assessed after every five cycles and after pellicle removal. For non-eroded specimens, the exposure to bioproducts promoted significantly greater color change than the deionized water, with increases in yellow appearance. After pellicle removal, the color was similar in all non-eroded specimens. The bioproducts increased the surface reflection intensity over cycles. For the erosion-exposed specimens, erosion itself resulted in color change. Black tea and deionized water resulted in increased yellow appearance. Exposure to the bioproducts resulted in higher relative surface reflection intensity values over time, but only grape seed extract resulted in higher relative surface reflection intensity value at the time of pellicle removal. The bioproducts caused transient staining effect, which was reduced after pellicle removal. For enamel submitted to erosion, grape seed extract resulted in less color change and better protection of enamel against erosion than black tea or water.
Topics: Citric Acid; Dental Pellicle; Grape Seed Extract; Humans; Tea; Tooth Erosion; Water
PubMed: 35839337
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12886 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023(1) Background: In the oral environment, sound enamel and dental restorative materials are immediately covered by a pellicle layer, which enables bacteria to attach. For...
(1) Background: In the oral environment, sound enamel and dental restorative materials are immediately covered by a pellicle layer, which enables bacteria to attach. For the development of new materials with repellent surface functions, information on the formation and maturation of salivary pellicles is crucial. Therefore, the present in situ study aimed to investigate the proteomic profile of salivary pellicles formed on different dental composites. (2) Methods: Light-cured composite and bovine enamel samples (controls) were exposed to the oral cavity for 30, 90, and 120 min. All samples were subjected to optical and mechanical profilometry, as well as SEM surface evaluation. Acquired pellicles and unstimulated whole saliva samples were analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS. The significance was determined by the generalized estimation equation and the post-hoc bonferroni adjustment. (3) Results: SEM revealed the formation of homogeneous pellicles on all test and control surfaces. Profilometry showed that composite surfaces tend to be of higher roughness compared to enamel. SELDI-TOF-MS detected up to 102 different proteins in the saliva samples and up to 46 proteins in the pellicle. Significant differences among 14 pellicle proteins were found between the composite materials and the controls. (4) Conclusions: Pellicle formation was material- and time-dependent. Proteins differed among the composites and to the control.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Saliva; Proteomics; Dental Pellicle; Proteins; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 37836647
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196804 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022A nonrestorative approach to the management of dental erosion is the foremost option: controlling dental erosion. The objectives of this study are to provide an overview... (Review)
Review
A nonrestorative approach to the management of dental erosion is the foremost option: controlling dental erosion. The objectives of this study are to provide an overview and to summarise the effects and properties of topical anti-erosive agents as a nonrestorative treatment of dental erosion. A literature search was conducted on five databases of peer-reviewed literature-Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science-to recruit articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2021. The literature search identified 812 studies; 95 studies were included. Topical anti-erosive agents can be broadly categorised as fluorides, calcium phosphate-based agents, organic compounds and other anti-erosive agents. In the presence of saliva, fluorides promote the formation of fluorapatite on teeth through remineralisation. Calcium phosphate-based agents supply the necessary minerals that are lost due to the acid challenge of erosion. Some organic compounds and other anti-erosive agents prevent or control dental erosion by forming a protective layer on the tooth surface, by modifying salivary pellicle or by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of dentine collagenases. Topical anti-erosive agents are promising in managing dental erosion. However, current evidence shows inconsistent or limited results for supporting the use of these agents in clinical settings.
PubMed: 36011070
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081413 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2021Studies on small quantity, highly complex protein samples, such as salivary pellicle, have been enabled by recent major technological and analytical breakthroughs.... (Review)
Review
Studies on small quantity, highly complex protein samples, such as salivary pellicle, have been enabled by recent major technological and analytical breakthroughs. Advances in mass spectrometry-based computational proteomics such as Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology have allowed precise identification and quantification of complex protein samples on a proteome-wide scale, which has enabled the determination of corresponding genes and cellular functions at the protein level. The latter was achieved via protein-protein interaction mapping with Gene Ontology annotation. In recent years, the application of these technologies has broken various barriers in small-quantity-complex-protein research such as salivary pellicle. This review provides a concise summary of contemporary proteomic techniques contributing to (1) increased complex protein (up to hundreds) identification using minute sample sizes (µg level), (2) precise protein quantification by advanced stable isotope labelling or label-free approaches and (3) the emerging concepts and techniques regarding computational integration, such as the Gene Ontology Consortium and protein-protein interaction mapping. The latter integrates the structural, genomic, and biological context of proteins and genes to predict protein interactions and functional connections in a given biological context. The same technological breakthroughs and computational integration concepts can also be applied to other low-volume oral protein complexes such as gingival crevicular or peri-implant sulcular fluids.
PubMed: 34202147
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132801 -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 2020Dental composites are routinely placed as part of tooth restoration procedures. The integrity of the restoration is constantly challenged by the metabolic activities of...
Dental composites are routinely placed as part of tooth restoration procedures. The integrity of the restoration is constantly challenged by the metabolic activities of the oral microbiome. This activity directly contributes to a less-than-desirable half-life for the dental composite formulations currently in use. Therefore, many new antimicrobial dental composites are being developed to counteract the microbial challenge. To ensure that these materials will resist microbiome-derived degradation, the model systems used for testing antimicrobial activities should be relevant to the in vivo environment. Here, we summarize the key steps in oral microbial colonization that should be considered in clinically relevant model systems. Oral microbial colonization is a clearly defined developmental process that starts with the formation of the acquired salivary pellicle on the tooth surface, a conditioned film that provides the critical attachment sites for the initial colonizers. Further development includes the integration of additional species and the formation of a diverse, polymicrobial mature biofilm. Biofilm development is discussed in the context of dental composites, and recent research is highlighted regarding the effect of antimicrobial composites on the composition of the oral microbiome. Future challenges are addressed, including the potential of antimicrobial resistance development and how this could be counteracted by detailed studies of microbiome composition and gene expression on dental composites. Ultimately, progress in this area will require interdisciplinary approaches to effectively mitigate the inevitable challenges that arise as new experimental bioactive composites are evaluated for potential clinical efficacy. Success in this area could have the added benefit of inspiring other fields in medically relevant materials research, since microbial colonization of medical implants and devices is a ubiquitous problem in the field.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Composite Resins; Dental Pellicle; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32479134
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520927690