-
Clinical Chemistry May 2018There is growing interest in fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as alternative measures of hyperglycemia, particularly for use in settings...
BACKGROUND
There is growing interest in fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as alternative measures of hyperglycemia, particularly for use in settings where traditional measures (glucose and HbA1c) are problematic or where intermediate (2-4 weeks) glycemic control is of interest. However, reference intervals for these alternative biomarkers are not established.
METHODS
We measured fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG in a community-based sample of US black and white adults who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We calculated reference intervals, evaluated demographic differences, and derived cutoffs aligned with current diagnostic cutpoints for HbA1c and fasting glucose.
RESULTS
In a healthy reference population of 1799 individuals (mean age, 55 years; 51% women; 15% black), the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles, respectively, were 194.8 and 258.0 μmol/L for fructosamine, 10.7% and 15.1% for glycated albumin, and 8.4 and 28.7 μg/mL for 1,5-AG. Distributions differed by race, sex, and body mass index. Equivalent concentrations of fructosamine and glycated albumin corresponding to an HbA1c of 6.5% (96.5 percentile) were 270.2 μmol/L and 15.6%, respectively. Equivalent concentrations of fructosamine and glycated albumin corresponding to a fasting glucose of 126 mg/dL (93.9 percentile) were 261.7 μmol/L and 15.0%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The reference intervals for these biomarkers should inform their clinical use. Diagnostic cutpoint equivalents for fructosamine and glycated albumin could be useful to identify persons with hyperglycemia in settings where fasting glucose or HbA1c are not available or where the interpretation of these traditional measures is problematic.
Topics: Deoxyglucose; Female; Fructosamine; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Male; Reference Standards; Serum Albumin; Glycated Serum Albumin
PubMed: 29436378
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.285742 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2021β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. In this work, carbohydrate-derived β-carbolines (βCs), 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline...
β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. In this work, carbohydrate-derived β-carbolines (βCs), 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline isomers (), 1-(1,4,5-trihydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline (), 1-(1,5-dihydroxypent-3-en-1-yl)-β-carboline (), and 1-(1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline () were identified and analyzed in commercial foods. The concentrations of βCs in foods ranged from undetectable to 11.4 μg/g levels, suggesting their intake in the diet. Processed foods contained higher amounts than fresh or unprocessed foods, and the highest content was found in processed tomato and fruit products, sauces, and baked foods. βCs were formed in foods during heating, and were the main compounds. The formation of carbohydrate-derived βCs was studied in model reactions of tryptophan and carbohydrates. They formed in reactions of tryptophan with glucose under acidic conditions at temperatures higher than 80 °C. The formation of was favored, but increased at high temperatures. Noticeably, the βCs formed in the reactions of tryptophan with fructose or sucrose, and the formation from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Thus, fructose was the main carbohydrate involved in the formation of , whereas sucrose gave these βCs after acid hydrolysis. It is shown for the first time that the mechanism of formation of βCs occurs from the sugar intermediate 3-deoxyglucosone that reacts with tryptophan affording these carbohydrate-derived βCs. A mechanism of reaction to give βCs is proposed that relies on the tautomerism (keto-enediol or enamine-imine) of intermediates involved in the reaction. Carbohydrate βCs were assessed as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as antioxidants, and for their interaction with DNA. They were not good inhibitors of MAO-A or -B, were poor antioxidants, and did not appreciably interact with DNA.
Topics: Alkaloids; Carbohydrates; Carbolines; Deoxyglucose; Fructose
PubMed: 34080840
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02281 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine Dec 1996Positron emission tomography (PET) is now primarily used in oncological indication owing to the successful application of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in an... (Review)
Review
Positron emission tomography (PET) is now primarily used in oncological indication owing to the successful application of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in an increasing number of clinical indications at different stages of diagnosis, and for staging and follow-up. This review first considers the biological characteristics of FDG and then discusses methodological considerations regarding its use. Clinical indications are considered, and the results achieved in respect of various organs and tumour types are reviewed in depth. The review concludes with a brief consideration of the ways in which clinical PET might be improved.
Topics: Deoxyglucose; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Neoplasms; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 8929320
DOI: 10.1007/BF01249629 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Aug 2011The brain transforms clues from the external world, the sensory stimuli, into activities in neuroglial networks. These circuits are activated in specialized sensory... (Review)
Review
The brain transforms clues from the external world, the sensory stimuli, into activities in neuroglial networks. These circuits are activated in specialized sensory cortices where specific functional modules are responsible for the spatiotemporal coding of the stimulus. A major challenge in the neuroscience field has been to image the spatial distribution and follow the temporal dynamics of the activation of such large populations in vivo. Functional imaging techniques developed in the last 30 years have enabled researchers to solve this critical issue, and are reviewed here. These techniques utilize sources of contrast of radioisotopic, magnetic and optical origins and exploit two major families of signals to image sensory activity: the first class uses sources linked to cellular energy metabolism and hemodynamics, while the second involves exogenous indicators of neuronal activity. The whole panel of imaging techniques has fostered the functional exploration of the olfactory bulb which is one of the most studied sensory structures. We summarize the major results obtained using these techniques that describe the spatial and temporal activity patterns in the olfactory glomeruli, the first relay of olfactory information processing in the main olfactory bulb. We conclude this review by describing promising technical developments in optical imaging and future directions in the study of olfactory spatiotemporal coding.
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Calcium; Deoxyglucose; Fluorescent Dyes; Hemodynamics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mice; Odorants; Olfactory Bulb; Rats
PubMed: 21584811
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0708-4 -
Physiological Research May 2018Reactive dicarbonyls stimulate production of advanced glycation endproducts, increase oxidative stress and inflammation and contribute to the development of vascular...
Reactive dicarbonyls stimulate production of advanced glycation endproducts, increase oxidative stress and inflammation and contribute to the development of vascular complications. We measured concentrations of dicarbonyls - methylglyoxal (MG), glyoxal (GL) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) - in the heart and kidney of a model of metabolic syndrome - hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats (HHTg) and explored its modulation by metformin. Adult HHTg rats were fed a standard diet with or without metformin (300 mg/kg b.w.) and dicarbonyl levels and metabolic parameters were measured. HHTg rats had markedly elevated serum levels of triacylglycerols (p<0.001), FFA (p<0.01) and hepatic triacylglycerols (p<0.001) along with increased concentrations of reactive dicarbonyls in myocardium (MG: p<0.001; GL: p<0.01; 3-DG: p<0.01) and kidney cortex (MG: p<0.01). Metformin treatment significantly reduced reactive dicarbonyls in the myocardium (MG: p<0.05, GL: p<0.05, 3-DG: p<0.01) along with increase of myocardial concentrations of reduced glutathione (p<0.01) and glyoxalase 1 mRNA expression (p<0.05). Metformin did not have any significant effect on dicarbonyls, glutathione or on glyoxalase 1 expression in kidney cortex. Chronically elevated hypertriglyceridemia was associated with increased levels of dicarbonyls in heart and kidney. Beneficial effects of metformin on reactive dicarbonyls and glyoxalase in the heart could contribute to its cardioprotective effects.
Topics: Animals; Deoxyglucose; Diet; Glutathione; Glyoxal; Hypertriglyceridemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lactoylglutathione Lyase; Male; Metformin; Myocardium; Pyruvaldehyde; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 29137475
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933606 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. General... Sep 2023Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) binds to hexokinase in a non-competitive manner and phosphoglucose isomerase in a competitive manner, blocking the initial...
Multitranscript analysis reveals an effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on gene expression linked to unfolded protein response and integrated stress response in primary human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.
BACKGROUND
Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) binds to hexokinase in a non-competitive manner and phosphoglucose isomerase in a competitive manner, blocking the initial steps of the glycolytic pathway. Although 2-DG stimulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activating the unfolded protein response to restore protein homeostasis, it is unclear which ER stress-related genes are modulated in response to 2-DG treatment in human primary cells. Here, we aimed to determine whether the treatment of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with 2-DG leads to a transcriptional profile specific to ER stress.
METHODS
We performed bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in previously reported RNA-seq datasets of 2-DG treated cells. RT-qPCR was performed to verify the sequencing data on cultured MDMs.
RESULTS
A total of 95 common DEGs were found by transcriptional analysis of monocytes and MDMs treated with 2-DG. Among these, 74 were up-regulated and 21 were down-regulated. Multitranscript analysis showed that DEGs are linked to integrated stress response (GRP78/BiP, PERK, ATF4, CHOP, GADD34, IRE1α, XBP1, SESN2, ASNS, PHGDH), hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (GFAT1, GNA1, PGM3, UAP1), and mannose metabolism (GMPPA and GMPPB).
CONCLUSIONS
Results reveal that 2-DG triggers a gene expression program that might be involved in restoring protein homeostasis in primary cells.
GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE
2-DG is known to inhibit glycolysis and induce ER stress; however, its effect on gene expression in primary cells is not well understood. This work shows that 2-DG is a stress inducer shifting the metabolic state of monocytes and macrophages.
Topics: Humans; Glucose; Monocytes; Endoribonucleases; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Unfolded Protein Response; Macrophages; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; Deoxyglucose; Gene Expression; Sestrins
PubMed: 37290716
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130397 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Jan 1991
Topics: Aging; Biological Transport; Brain; Deoxyglucose; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glucose; Humans; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 1988631
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Apr 1991The combination of FDG and PET has demonstrated clinical utility in the evaluation of patients with brain tumors. At the time of diagnosis, FDG PET provides information... (Review)
Review
The combination of FDG and PET has demonstrated clinical utility in the evaluation of patients with brain tumors. At the time of diagnosis, FDG PET provides information concerning the degree of malignancy and patient prognosis. After therapy, FDG PET is able to assess persistence of tumor, determine degree of malignancy, monitor progression, differentiate recurrence from necrosis, and assess prognosis. Other studies using PET provide information that may be clinically useful. Determination of tumor blood flow and permeability of the blood-brain barrier may help in the selection of appropriate therapy. Amino acid imaging using 11C-methionine is being evaluated in patients with brain tumors and provides different information than FDG imaging.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Deoxyglucose; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 2013802
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbes and Infection 2023Viral infection treatment is a difficult task due to its complex structure and metabolism. Additionally, viruses can alter the metabolism of host cells, mutate, and...
Viral infection treatment is a difficult task due to its complex structure and metabolism. Additionally, viruses can alter the metabolism of host cells, mutate, and readily adjust to harsh environments. Coronavirus stimulates glycolysis, weakens mitochondrial activity, and impairs infected cells. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of 2-DG in inhibiting coronavirus-induced metabolic processes and antiviral host defense systems, which have not been explored so far. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a molecule restricting substrate availability, has recently gained attention as a potential antiviral drug. The results revealed that 229E human coronavirus promoted glycolysis, producing a significant increase in the concentration of fluorescent 2-NBDG, a glucose analog, particularly in the infected host cells. The addition of 2-DG decreased its viral replication and suppressed infection-induced cell death and cytopathic effects, thereby improving the antiviral host defense response. It was also observed that administration of low doses of 2-DG inhibited glucose uptake, indicating that 2-DG consumption in virus-infected host cells was mediated by high-affinity glucose transporters, whose levels were amplified upon coronavirus infection. Our findings indicated that 2-DG could be a potential drug to improve the host defense system in coronavirus-infected cells.
Topics: Humans; Deoxyglucose; Virulence; Glycolysis; Glucose; Coronavirus; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37178787
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105150 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Aug 1991
Topics: Deoxyglucose; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glycolysis; Humans; Neoplasms; Tomography, Emission-Computed
PubMed: 1869978
DOI: No ID Found