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Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pesticide residue is an increasing concern in rotational crop practices. The pesticide used for the primary crop may re-enter the secondary crop, thus exceeding...
Pesticide residue is an increasing concern in rotational crop practices. The pesticide used for the primary crop may re-enter the secondary crop, thus exceeding pesticide levels set by the positive list system (PLS). As such, evaluation of pesticide residue translocated into rotational crops is required for ensuring pesticide safety. In this study, we investigated the residue pattern of diazinon translocated into lettuce as a typical rotational crop in Korea. Diazinon was used to treat greenhouse soil at the maximum annual application rate before crop planting. Diazinon residues in soil and lettuce were investigated using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy and a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of diazinon was found as 0.005 mg/kg for the plant and soil samples. The recovery of diazinon at the LOQ and 10× the LOQ ranged from 100.2% to 108.7%. The matrix calibration curve showed linearity, with R2 values > 0.998. Diazinon residue in soil dissipated over time after the initial treatment, generating first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9534) and having a half-life of about 22 days. The uptake ratio (UTR) of diazinon from the soil to the plant ranged from 0.002 to 0.026 over the harvest period. Considering the UTRs, diazinon residue in the edible leaf could exceed the PLS level (0.01 mg/kg) if lettuce is rotated in soil containing >0.357 mg/kg of diazinon. Based on our findings, to comply with the PLS, a 3-month plant-back interval is required following diazinon treatment and/or setting the maximum residue limit of diazinon for lettuce.
PubMed: 36360122
DOI: 10.3390/foods11213510 -
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology... Aug 2016Humans are ubiquitously exposed to multiple environmental contaminants. Consequences of combined action on the reproductive system remain unknown. This study aimed to...
BACKGROUND
Humans are ubiquitously exposed to multiple environmental contaminants. Consequences of combined action on the reproductive system remain unknown. This study aimed to assess single and joint effects of cadmium and diazinon exposure on sperm quality parameters.
METHODS
Male adult Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups of ten animals each. Group A was used as a control, animals from group B were exposed to cadmium (30 mg/L), rats from group C were administered with diazinon (40 mg/L), and rats from group D were exposed simultaneously to cadmium (30 mg/L) and diazinon (40 mg/L) via drinking water for 90 days. Sperm morphology and motility were evaluated using a bright field microscope and a computer-assisted semen analysis.
RESULTS
The percentage of motile spermatozoa and morphologically normal sperm was markedly reduced in rats from the group B. Rats from the C group showed an increase in velocity parameters, amplitude of lateral head displacement, decrease in beat-cross frequency, and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology. Simultaneous coexposure to cadmium and diazinon increased distance and velocity parameters, and amplitude of lateral head displacement. Reductions were observed in straightness, linearity, wobble, and beat-cross frequency. The decreased normal sperm morphology rates were related to defects of the sperm tail.
CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to cadmium and diazinon at relatively low doses impairs sperm quality and can reduce male fertility. Cadmium and diazinon caused significant changes on sperm morphology with varying effects on motility patterns. These parameters were significantly higher in the group D as compared to the group C. The findings have important implications for reproductive risk assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals.
Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Diazinon; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 27503218
DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0177-6 -
RSC Advances May 2020The fungal metabolism of diazinon was investigated and the microbial model ( ATCC36112) could effectively degrade the organophosphorus pesticide (diazinon) mediated by...
The fungal metabolism of diazinon was investigated and the microbial model ( ATCC36112) could effectively degrade the organophosphorus pesticide (diazinon) mediated by cytochrome P450, which was mainly involved in oxidation and hydrolysis of phase I metabolism. Approximately 89% of diazinon was removed within 7 days and was not observed after 13 days with concomitant accumulation of eight metabolites. Structures of the metabolites were fully or tentatively identified with GC-MS and H, C NMR. The major metabolites of diazinon were diethyl (2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl) phosphate (diazoxon) and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (pyrimidinol), and formation of minor metabolites was primarily the result of hydroxylation. To determine the responsible enzymes in diazinon metabolism, piperonyl butoxide and methimazole were treated, and the kinetic responses of diazinon and its metabolites by were measured. Results indirectly demonstrated that cytochrome P450 and flavin monooxygenase were involved in the metabolism of diazinon, but methimazole inhibited the metabolism less effectively. Based on the metabolic profiling, a possible metabolic pathway involved in phase I metabolism of diazinon was proposed, which would contribute to providing insight into understanding the toxicological effects of diazinon and the potential application of fungi on organophosphorus pesticides.
PubMed: 35515422
DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02253e -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014The present study aimed to elucidate the structural changes in testis and epididymis of adult rats following subchronic peroral administration of cadmium at 30 mg/L,...
The present study aimed to elucidate the structural changes in testis and epididymis of adult rats following subchronic peroral administration of cadmium at 30 mg/L, diazinon at 40 mg/L, cadmium at 30 mg/L, and diazinon at 40 mg/L, respectively. At the end of 90-day experiment, the samples of the testes and epididymis were assayed by qualitative and quantitative histological methods. The testis and epididymis weights increased following exposure to cadmium and simultaneous exposure to cadmium and diazinon. Testicular damage following cadmium and diazinon coexposure was significantly less expressive than in groups with individual administration of these compounds. Cadmium caused a significant thickening of seminiferous epithelium, cellular degeneration, and necrosis. Desquamation of immature germ cells resulted in a significant increase of intraepithelial spaces and reduced tubule volume in all experimental groups. Vascular dilation and congestion were detected in the interstitial tissue. The changes in epididymal histology in the group exposed to cadmium and group exposed simultaneously included a reduction of epithelium, necrotic epithelial cells, vasoconstriction, and interstitial edema together with mononuclear cell infiltration. Results did not indicate a synergistic or any additional effect from the simultaneous administration of both toxicants. Further research is needed to determine the significance and the mechanism of the adverse effects.
Topics: Animals; Biometry; Cadmium; Diazinon; Environmental Exposure; Epididymis; Male; Rats, Wistar; Testis
PubMed: 25548789
DOI: 10.1155/2014/632581 -
Toxicology Aug 2019Organophosphate pesticides are developmental neurotoxicants. We gave diazinon via osmotic minipumps implanted into dams prior to conception, with exposure continued into...
Organophosphate pesticides are developmental neurotoxicants. We gave diazinon via osmotic minipumps implanted into dams prior to conception, with exposure continued into the second postnatal week, at doses (0.5 or 1 mg/kg/day) that did not produce detectable brain cholinesterase inhibition. We evaluated the impact on acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) systems in brain regions from adolescence through full adulthood. Diazinon produced deficits in presynaptic ACh activity with regional and sex selectivity: cerebrocortical regions and the hippocampus were affected to a greater extent than were the striatum, midbrain or brainstem, and females were more sensitive than males. Diazinon also reduced nicotinic ACh receptors and 5HT receptors, with the same regional and sex preferences. These patterns were similar to those of diazinon given in a much more restricted period (postnatal day 1-4) but were of greater magnitude and consistency; this suggests that the brain is vulnerable to diazinon over a wide developmental window. Diazinon's effects differed from those of the related organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, with regard to regional and sex selectivity, and more importantly, to the effects on receptors: chlorpyrifos upregulates nicotinic ACh receptors and 5HT receptors, effects that compensate for the presynaptic ACh deficits. Diazinon can thus be expected to have worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than chlorpyrifos. Further, the disparities between diazinon and chlorpyrifos indicate the problems of predicting the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates based on a single compound, and emphasize the inadequacy of cholinesterase inhibition as an index of safety.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Chemistry; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Diazinon; Female; Insecticides; Male; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonin; Sex Characteristics; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 31251962
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152240 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021A real-life environment during pregnancy involves multiple and simultaneous exposures to toxic chemicals. Perinatal exposures to toxic chemicals have been reported to...
A real-life environment during pregnancy involves multiple and simultaneous exposures to toxic chemicals. Perinatal exposures to toxic chemicals have been reported to exert an inhibitory effect on mouse neural development and behaviors. However, the effect of combined exposures of organophosphate and nicotine has not been previously reported. In this study, we investigated whether a combined exposure of diazinon and nicotine can have a synergistic effect. The effects of the combined chemical exposure on cell viability and neuronal differentiation were examined using mouse Sox1-GFP cells. Additionally, mice were maternally administered 0.18 mg/kg diazinon, a no adverse effect level (NOAEL) dose, combined with 0.4, 1, and 2 mg/kg nicotine. Mice offspring underwent behavior tests to assess locomotor, depressive, cognitive, and social behaviors. Morphological change in the brain was investigated with immunolocalization. We revealed that the combined exposure to diazinon and nicotine can have a synergistic adverse effect in vitro. In addition, the chemical-treated mouse offspring showed abnormalities in motor learning, compulsive-like behaviors, spatial learning, and social interaction patterns. Moreover, 0.18 mg/kg diazinon and 2 mg/kg nicotine co-exposure resulted in an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the findings suggest that perinatal co-exposure to nicotine and diazinon can result in abnormal neurodevelopment and behavior, even at low-level administration.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Diazinon; Dopaminergic Neurons; Female; Male; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nicotine; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Social Behavior; Spatial Learning; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
PubMed: 34299375
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147742 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Aug 2002
Topics: Diazinon; Insecticides; Tick Control
PubMed: 12183884
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides, one that is frequently detected in the environment. In this study, a diazinon-degrading bacterium,...
Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides, one that is frequently detected in the environment. In this study, a diazinon-degrading bacterium, DI-6, previously isolated from diazinon-contaminated soil in China has been subsequently identified as sp. on the basis of its physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as by virtue of a comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. This strain is capable of using diazinon as its sole carbon source for growth and was able to degrade 91.8% of 100 mg L diazinon over a 60-h interval. During the degradation of diazinon, the following seven metabolites were captured and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis: diazoxon, diazinon aldehyde, isopropenyl derivative of diazinon, hydroxyethyl derivative of diazinon, diazinon methyl ketone, -[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl] -methyl -hydrogen phosphorothioate, and -(6-methyl pyrimidin-4-yl) -dihydrogen phosphorothioate. Based on these metabolites, a novel microbial biodegradation pathway of diazinon by sp. DI-6 is proposed. This research provides potentially useful information for the application of the DI-6 strain in bioremediation of diazinon-contaminated environments.
PubMed: 36081782
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929147 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Feb 2022Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute...
Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute to toxicity. We set up a study to detect changes in osmolal and anion gaps following ingestion of OP insecticides. We recruited consecutive patients admitted to a Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, with a history of OP self-poisoning. The osmolal and anion gaps were calculated on admission and at 4, 24 and 72 h post-ingestion together with ethanol concentration. Forty-nine patients were recruited (28 profenofos, 10 diazinon, one coumaphos, one chlorpyrifos, one phenthoate and eight unknown OP). Only modest increases in osmolal and anion gaps were noted. Small rises in osmolal gap above the upper limit of normal were noted in 16/49 (32.7%) of all cases, 9/28 (32.1%) profenofos cases and 4/10 (40.0%) diazinon cases. The anion gap was raised in 24/49 (49.0%) of all cases, 15/28 (53.6%) profenofos cases and 5/10 (50.0%) diazinon cases. We observed a trend for a fall in osmolal gap during the first 24 h, followed by an increase up to 72 h. There was no correlation between the anion gap and serum lactate concentration, indicating that a lactic acidosis was not responsible for the anion gap. Formate, which could have explained the increased gap, was not detected in any of the samples; ketoacids (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) were not measured. This pilot study found that profenofos and diazinon poisoning caused only modest increases in the osmolal and anion gaps in a minority of cases.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adult; Diazinon; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organothiophosphates; Osmolar Concentration; Pilot Projects; Self-Injurious Behavior; Solvents; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 34796663
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13686 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023The toxicity of two pesticides, diazinon (DAZ) and atrazine (ATR), before and after montmorillonite-catalyzed ozonation was comparatively investigated on the duckweed ....
The toxicity of two pesticides, diazinon (DAZ) and atrazine (ATR), before and after montmorillonite-catalyzed ozonation was comparatively investigated on the duckweed . The results allowed demonstrating the role of clay-containing media in the evolution in time of pesticide negative impact on plants. Pesticides conversion exceeded 94% after 30 min of ozonation in the presence of both Na and Fe exchanged montmorillonites. Toxicity testing using permitted us to evaluate the change in pesticide ecotoxicity. The plant growth inhibition involved excessive oxidative stress depending on the pesticide concentration, molecular structure, and degradation degree. Pesticide adsorption and/or conversion by ozonation on clay surfaces significantly reduced the toxicity towards plants, more particularly in the presence of Fe(II)-exchanged montmorillonite. The results showed a strong correlation between the pesticide toxicity towards and the level of reactive oxygen species, which was found to depend on the catalytic activity of the clay minerals, pesticide exposure time to ozone, and formation of harmful derivatives. These findings open promising prospects for developing a method to monitor pesticide ecotoxicity according to clay-containing host-media and exposure time to ambient factors.
Topics: Diazinon; Atrazine; Bentonite; Clay; Pesticides; Ions; Araceae; Ozone; Catalysis
PubMed: 37630359
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166108