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Anatomy & Cell Biology Mar 2019The digastric muscle consists of the anterior belly and the posterior belly connecting the mandible, hyoid bone and temporal bone. Its unique morphology, structure and... (Review)
Review
The digastric muscle consists of the anterior belly and the posterior belly connecting the mandible, hyoid bone and temporal bone. Its unique morphology, structure and variations have drawn genuine interests in this muscle from anatomists, scientists and physicians for a long time, and the variations of the digastric muscle have been documented since the 18th century. As the usage of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the neck has become ever increasing, recognizing the variations of the digastric muscle can be a great value since it helps physicians to make better treatment plans and avoid unnecessary invasive procedures in the neck. Although the variations of the digastric muscle do not necessarily cause clinical symptoms, they still have important clinical applications. This article discusses the anatomy, embryology, descriptions of the morphological variations and clinical significance of the digastric muscle.
PubMed: 30984445
DOI: 10.5115/acb.2019.52.1.1 -
Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral... Mar 2023Stylalgia also referred to as Eagle's or stylohyoid syndrome (first described by Watt Eagle) is a constellation of signs secondary to an elongated styloid process or due... (Review)
Review
Stylalgia also referred to as Eagle's or stylohyoid syndrome (first described by Watt Eagle) is a constellation of signs secondary to an elongated styloid process or due to mineralization of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligament or the posterior belly of the digastric muscle (Malik et al. in Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 30(6): 101, 2018). The Eagle's syndrome includes symptoms ranging from stylalgia (i.e., pain in the tonsillar fossa, pharyngeal or hyoid region) to foreign-body sensation in the throat, cervicofacial pain, otalgia or even increased salivation or giddiness. Diagnosis is primarily based on symptomatology, physical examination and radiographic investigations and should not be missed. However, palpation of tonsillar fossa with radiological demonstration of the elongated styloid process confirms the diagnosis. Surgical treatment by tonsillo-styloidectomy produces satisfactory results in stylalgia. (Malik et al. in Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 30(6):101, 2018).
PubMed: 36703673
DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01720-7 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2022Calcaneal osteotomy is an extra-articular procedure used for conservative surgical treatment of hindfoot deformity. It has static, architectural and dynamic effects,... (Review)
Review
Calcaneal osteotomy is an extra-articular procedure used for conservative surgical treatment of hindfoot deformity. It has static, architectural and dynamic effects, reorienting the tuberosity action point of the digastric muscle formation of the sural triceps and plantar aponeurosis. Calcaneal osteotomies vary in location, form and displacement, but can be categorized as tuberosity osteotomy, acting on talar position, and cervical osteotomy, acting on Chopart joint-line orientation. We here describe the 3 main calcaneal osteotomies we use for hindfoot deformity: talar varus/valgus, valgus flatfoot, and midfoot abductus/adductus. In each case, we describe our technique, resulting from our responses to the difficulties we have had to deal with: medializing osteotomy: performed percutaneously to limit skin complications, and easily associated to cervical calcaneal osteotomy to manage valgus flatfoot; Hintermann cervical adduction osteotomy: providing excellent angular correction, while conserving a medial cortical hinge; lateralizingosteotomy: performed on a medial approach, to enhance translation capacity and prevent the acute tarsal tunnel syndrome with which we have been otherwise confronted. Correcting foot deformities involves complex, multi-dimensional, multi-tissue surgery that is risky as it concerns a segment with terminal vascularization. The present three techniques need to be mastered, as they are usually associated to other tendon and/or ligament reconstruction procedures, and tourniquet time is limited. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V; expert opinion.
Topics: Calcaneus; Flatfoot; Foot; Humans; Osteotomy; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Tendons
PubMed: 34687951
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.103121