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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Nov 2019
Review
Topics: Humans; Organizational Culture; Truth Disclosure; Whistleblowing
PubMed: 31304844
DOI: 10.1177/0141076819864522 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Dec 2016
Topics: Adult Children; Canada; Disclosure; Donor Conception; Humans
PubMed: 27821462
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.109-5346 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jan 2023Schizophrenic patients deny health care due to lack of insight in many cases. In such situations most of the psychiatrists opt for covert medication in consultation with...
Schizophrenic patients deny health care due to lack of insight in many cases. In such situations most of the psychiatrists opt for covert medication in consultation with the families. Covert medication has legal and ethical implications. Moreover, it has certain clinical implications for the patient. In addition, how long the covert medication can be continued and when should it be revealed to the patient are questions that cannot be answered in black and white. This article is a commentary on a real scenario of covert medication in ethical perspective.
Topics: Humans; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Disclosure; Drug Prescriptions; Practice Patterns, Physicians'
PubMed: 36842027
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.5236 -
Public Health Nutrition Dec 2023Test effects of a standardised front-of-package (FOP) disclosure statement (indicating added sugar, non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) and juice content) on accuracy in...
Effects of a front-of-package disclosure on accuracy in assessing children's drink ingredients: two randomised controlled experiments with US caregivers of young children.
OBJECTIVE
Test effects of a standardised front-of-package (FOP) disclosure statement (indicating added sugar, non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) and juice content) on accuracy in assessing ingredients and perceived healthfulness of children's drinks.
DESIGN
In two randomised controlled experiments, the same participants viewed drink packages and indicated if products contained added sugar or NNS and percent juice and rated drink healthfulness. Experiment 1 (E1) included novel (non-US) children's drinks with a) product claims only (control), b) claims and disclosure, or c) disclosure only. Experiment 2 (E2) included existing children's drinks (with claims) with a) no disclosure (control) or b) disclosure. Both experiments evaluated sweetened (fruit drink and flavoured water) and unsweetened (100 % juice and juice/water blend) drinks. Potential individual differences (education level and race/ethnicity) in effects were explored.
SETTING
Online survey.
PARTICIPANTS
Six hundred and forty-eight US caregivers of young children (1-5 years).
RESULTS
FOP disclosures significantly increased accuracy for most ingredients and drink types, including identifying presence or absence of NNS in sweetened drinks, no added sugar in juice/water blends, and actual percent juice in fruit drinks and juice/water blends in both experiments. Disclosures also increased recognition that the novel 100 % juice and juice/water blend did not contain NNS or added sugar (E1) and existing sweetened drinks contained added sugar (E2). Disclosures reduced perceived healthfulness of sweetened drinks but did not increase unsweetened drink healthfulness ratings. Some differences by participant socio-demographic characteristics require additional research.
CONCLUSIONS
FOP disclosures on children's drink packages can increase caregivers' understanding of product ingredients and aid in selecting healthier children's drinks.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Beverages; Caregivers; Disclosure; Sweetening Agents; Sugars; Water
PubMed: 37908052
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980023001969 -
Journal of Child Psychology and... Jan 2021The presence, types, disclosure rates, and effects of conflicts of interest (COIs) on autism early intervention research have not previously been studied. The purpose of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The presence, types, disclosure rates, and effects of conflicts of interest (COIs) on autism early intervention research have not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine these issues.
METHODS
This study is a secondary analysis of a comprehensive meta-analysis of all group-design, nonpharmacological early intervention autism research conducted between 1970 and 2018. We coded reports for the presence/absence of COI statements, the types of COIs that were disclosed, and for 8 types of COIs, including (a) the author developed the intervention, (b) the author is affiliated with a clinical provider, (c) the author is employed by a clinical provider, (d) the author is affiliated with an institution that trains others to use the intervention, (e) the author receives payment or royalties related to the intervention, (f) the study was funded by an intervention provider, (g) the study used a commercially available measure developed by the author, and (h) proceeds of the intervention fund the author's research. Frequencies and proportions were calculated to determine prevalence of COIs and COI disclosures. Meta-analysis was used to estimate summary effects by COI type and to determine if they were larger than for reports with no coded COIs.
RESULTS
Seventy percent of reports were coded for ≥ 1 COI, but only ~ 6% of reports contained COI statements fully accounting for all coded COIs. Metaregressions did not detect significant influences of any COI type on summary effects; however, point estimates for each COI type were larger than for reports with no coded COIs.
CONCLUSIONS
Conflicts of interest are prevalent but under-reported in autism early intervention research. Improved reporting practices are necessary for researcher transparency and would enable more robust examination of the effects of COIs on research outcomes.
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Conflict of Interest; Disclosure; Early Intervention, Educational; Humans
PubMed: 32353179
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13249 -
BMC Medical Ethics Feb 2020When a genetic mutation is identified in a family member (proband), internationally, it is usually the proband's or another responsible family member's role to disclose...
BACKGROUND
When a genetic mutation is identified in a family member (proband), internationally, it is usually the proband's or another responsible family member's role to disclose the information to at-risk relatives. However, both active and passive non-disclosure in families occurs: choosing not to communicate the information or failing to communicate the information despite intention to do so, respectively. The ethical obligations to prevent harm to at-risk relatives and promote the duty of care by genetic health professionals (GHPs) is in conflict with Privacy laws and professional regulations that prohibits disclosure of information to a third party without the consent of the proband (duty of confidentiality). In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, amendments to Privacy legislation permits such disclosure to living genetic relatives with the process defined under guidelines although there is no legal duty to warn. This study assessed NSW GHP's awareness and experience of the legislation and guidelines.
METHODS
An online survey collected demographics; theoretical knowledge; clinical scenarios to assess application knowledge; attitudes; confidence; experience with active non-disclosure. A link to correct answers was provided after completion. Knowledge scores above the median for non-parametric data or above the mean for parametric data were classified as 'good' or 'poor'. Chi square tests assessed associations between confidence and knowledge scores.
RESULTS
While many of the 37 participants reported reading the guidelines, there was limited awareness of their scope and clinical application; that there is no legal duty to warn; and that the threat does not need to be imminent to warrant disclosure. No association between confidence and 'good' theoretical or applied clinical knowledge was identified. Uncertainty of their professional responsibility was identified and in the several case examples of active non-disclosure that were reported this uncertainty reflected the need for further understanding of the guidelines in regard to the processes required before disclosure was initiated.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a need for further education and training about the guidelines associated with the legislation that would be relevant to support disclosure. The findings may inform future strategies to support introduction of policy changes in other jurisdictions where similar regulatory regimes are introduced.
Topics: Awareness; Disclosure; Duty to Warn; Family; Genetic Privacy; Humans; Informed Consent; Moral Obligations; New South Wales
PubMed: 32019532
DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-0451-1 -
American Journal of Hematology Mar 2011
Topics: Biomedical Research; Chemistry, Clinical; Conflict of Interest; Disclosure; Editorial Policies; Guidelines as Topic; Industry; Periodicals as Topic; Research Support as Topic
PubMed: 21351119
DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21966 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Mar 1996
Topics: Advisory Committees; Biomedical Research; Disclosure; Editorial Policies; Internationality; Scientific Misconduct; Social Control, Formal; United Kingdom; United States; Whistleblowing
PubMed: 8608272
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7034.789 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jun 1984
Topics: Physician-Patient Relations; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 6428635
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6435.1995-d -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Mar 2022Clinical epidemiology and patient-oriented health care research that incorporates neighborhood-level data is becoming increasingly common. A key step in conducting this...
Clinical epidemiology and patient-oriented health care research that incorporates neighborhood-level data is becoming increasingly common. A key step in conducting this research is converting patient address data to longitude and latitude data, a process known as geocoding. Several commonly used approaches to geocoding (eg, ggmap or the tidygeocoder R package) send patient addresses over the internet to web-based third-party geocoding services. Here, we describe how these approaches to geocoding disclose patients' personally identifiable information (PII) and how the subsequent publication of the research findings discloses the same patients' protected health information (PHI). We explain how these disclosures can occur and recommend strategies to maintain patient privacy when studying neighborhood effects on patient outcomes.
Topics: Confidentiality; Disclosure; Geographic Mapping; Humans; Personally Identifiable Information
PubMed: 35103610
DOI: 10.2196/30619