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World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2014The introduction of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has expanded the application of endoscopic treatment, which can be used for lesions with a low... (Review)
Review
The introduction of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has expanded the application of endoscopic treatment, which can be used for lesions with a low metastatic potential regardless of their size. ESD has the advantage of achieving en bloc resection with a lower local recurrence rate compared with that of piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection. Moreover, in the past, surgery was indicated in patients with large lesions spreading to almost the entire circumference of the rectum, regardless of the depth of invasion, as endoscopic resection of these lesions was technically difficult. Therefore, a prime benefit of ESD is significant improvement in the quality of life for patients who have large rectal lesions. On the other hand, ESD is not as widely applied in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms as it is in gastric cancers owing to the associated technical difficulty, longer procedural duration, and increased risk of perforation. To diversify the available endoscopic treatment strategies for superficial colorectal neoplasms, endoscopists performing ESD need to recognize its indications, the technical issues involved in its application, and the associated complications. This review outlines the methods and type of devices used for colorectal ESD, and the training required by endoscopists to perform this procedure.
Topics: Colectomy; Colonoscopy; Colorectal Neoplasms; Dissection; Education, Medical, Graduate; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25473168
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16153 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Sep 2021Mosquito salivary glands (SGs) are a requisite gateway organ for the transmission of insect-borne pathogens. Disease-causing agents, including viruses and the Plasmodium...
Mosquito salivary glands (SGs) are a requisite gateway organ for the transmission of insect-borne pathogens. Disease-causing agents, including viruses and the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria, accumulate in the secretory cavities of SG cells. Here, they are poised for transmission to their vertebrate hosts during a subsequent blood meal. As adult glands form as an elaboration of larval SG duct bud remnants that persist beyond early pupal SG histolysis, the larval SG is an ideal target for interventions that limit disease transmission. Understanding larval SG development can help develop a better understanding of its morphology and functional adaptations and aid in the assessment of new interventions that target this organ. This video protocol demonstrates an efficient technique for isolating, fixing, and staining larval SGs from Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Glands dissected from larvae in a 25% ethanol solution are fixed in a methanol-glacial acetic acid mixture, followed by a cold acetone wash. After a few rinses in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), SGs can be stained with a broad array of marker dyes and/or antisera against SG-expressed proteins. This method for larval SG isolation could also be used to collect tissue for in situ hybridization analysis, other transcriptomic applications, and proteomic studies.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Dissection; Larva; Proteomics; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 34661579
DOI: 10.3791/62989 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Most medical and health science schools adopt innovative tools to implement the teaching of anatomy to their undergraduate students. The increase in technological... (Review)
Review
Most medical and health science schools adopt innovative tools to implement the teaching of anatomy to their undergraduate students. The increase in technological resources for educational purposes allows the use of virtual systems in the field of medicine, which can be considered decisive for improving anatomical knowledge, a requisite for safe and competent medical practice. Among these virtual tools, the Anatomage Table 7.0 represents, to date, a pivotal anatomical device for student education and training medical professionals. This review focuses attention on the potential of the Anatomage Table in the anatomical learning process and clinical practice by discussing these topics based on recent publication findings and describing their trends during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The reports documented a great interest in and a positive impact of the use of this technological table by medical students for teaching gross anatomy. Anatomage allows to describe, with accuracy and at high resolution, organ structure, vascularization, and innervation, as well as enables to familiarize with radiological images of real patients by improving knowledge in the radiological and surgical fields. Furthermore, its use can be considered strategic in a pandemic period, since it ensures, through an online platform, the continuation of anatomical and surgical training on dissecting cadavers.
Topics: COVID-19; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Curriculum; Dissection; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Students, Medical
PubMed: 34948857
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413247 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Dec 2011The sensory organs of the chicken inner ear are innervated by the peripheral processes of statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) neurons. Sensory organ innervation depends on a...
The sensory organs of the chicken inner ear are innervated by the peripheral processes of statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) neurons. Sensory organ innervation depends on a combination of axon guidance cues and survival factors located along the trajectory of growing axons and/or within their sensory organ targets. For example, functional interference with a classic axon guidance signaling pathway, semaphorin-neuropilin, generated misrouting of otic axons. Also, several growth factors expressed in the sensory targets of the inner ear, including Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), have been manipulated in transgenic animals, again leading to misrouting of SAG axons. These same molecules promote both survival and neurite outgrowth of chick SAG neurons in vitro. Here, we describe and demonstrate the in vitro method we are currently using to test the responsiveness of chick SAG neurites to soluble proteins, including known morphogens such as the Wnts, as well as growth factors that are important for promoting SAG neurite outgrowth and neuron survival. Using this model system, we hope to draw conclusions about the effects that secreted ligands can exert on SAG neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. SAG explants are dissected on embryonic day 4 (E4) and cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels under serum-free conditions for 24 hours. First, neurite responsiveness is tested by culturing explants with protein-supplemented medium. Then, to ask whether point sources of secreted ligands can have directional effects on neurite outgrowth, explants are co-cultured with protein-coated beads and assayed for the ability of the bead to locally promote or inhibit outgrowth. We also include a demonstration of the dissection (modified protocol) and culture of E6 spinal cord explants. We routinely use spinal cord explants to confirm bioactivity of the proteins and protein-soaked beads, and to verify species cross-reactivity with chick tissue, under the same culture conditions as SAG explants. These in vitro assays are convenient for quickly screening for molecules that exert trophic (survival) or tropic (directional) effects on SAG neurons, especially before performing studies in vivo. Moreover, this method permits the testing of individual molecules under serum-free conditions, with high neuron survival.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Collagen; Dissection; Ganglia; Gels; Neurites; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Tissue Culture Techniques
PubMed: 22215150
DOI: 10.3791/3600 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2008Anatomical science has used the bodies of the executed for dissection over many centuries. As anatomy has developed into a vehicle of not only scientific but also moral... (Review)
Review
Anatomical science has used the bodies of the executed for dissection over many centuries. As anatomy has developed into a vehicle of not only scientific but also moral and ethical education, it is important to consider the source of human bodies for dissection and the manner of their acquisition. From the thirteenth to the early seventeenth century, the bodies of the executed were the only legal source of bodies for dissection. Starting in the late seventeenth century, the bodies of unclaimed persons were also made legally available. With the developing movement to abolish the death penalty in many countries around the world and with the renunciation of the use of the bodies of the executed by the British legal system in the nineteenth century, two different practices have developed in that there are Anatomy Departments who use the bodies of the executed for dissection or research and those who do not. The history of the use of bodies of the executed in German Anatomy Departments during the National Socialist regime is an example for the insidious slide from an ethical use of human bodies in dissection to an unethical one. There are cases of contemporary use of unclaimed or donated bodies of the executed, but they are rarely well documented. The intention of this review is to initiate an ethical discourse about the use of the bodies of the executed in contemporary anatomy.
Topics: Anatomy; Cadaver; Capital Punishment; China; Dissection; Education, Medical; Ethics, Medical; Germany; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Medieval; Humans; National Socialism
PubMed: 18058917
DOI: 10.1002/ca.20571 -
Hand (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2022The objective of this work was to perform a critical review of the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional anatomy of the adult brachial plexus divisions and cords. Twelve... (Review)
Review
The objective of this work was to perform a critical review of the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional anatomy of the adult brachial plexus divisions and cords. Twelve adult brachial plexuses from fresh cadavers were dissected. All were male and aged between 30 and 50 years. Only corpses without brachial plexus injuries were selected. The purpose of the dissections was to identify the origin of the anterior and posterior divisions of the adult brachial plexus in their respective trunks, as well as the positioning of the posterior, lateral, and medial cords. The posterior division of all trunks had a cranial and dorsal origin, while the anterior division of all trunks had a caudal and ventral origin. The posterior cord was the most cranial of all, the lateral cord was central, and the medial cord was the most caudal of all cords. The posterior division of the superior trunk was always between the suprascapular nerve and the anterior division. Brachial plexus diagrams in most textbooks and papers are different from what was found in our dissections. Contrary to the known diagram, the posterior divisions always had a cranial origin in the superior, middle, and inferior trunks.
Topics: Adult; Brachial Plexus; Cadaver; Dissection; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Shoulder
PubMed: 32100569
DOI: 10.1177/1558944720906510 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2015Minimally invasive endoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method for patients with small (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) gastric subepithelial tumors... (Review)
Review
Minimally invasive endoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method for patients with small (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. Currently, the main endoscopic therapies for patients with such tumors are endoscopic muscularis excavation, endoscopic full-thickness resection, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection. Although these endoscopic techniques can be used for complete resection of the tumor and provide an accurate pathological diagnosis, these techniques have been associated with several negative events, such as incomplete resection, perforation, and bleeding. This review provides detailed information on the technical details, likely treatment outcomes, and complications associated with each endoscopic method for treating/removing small gastric SETs that originate from the MP layer.
Topics: Dissection; Gastroscopy; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Stomach Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 26327758
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9503 -
The Journal of Medical Investigation :... 2020Purpose : This report describes a novel technique for trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia repair using liquid injection and gauze dissection....
Purpose : This report describes a novel technique for trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) inguinal hernia repair using liquid injection and gauze dissection. Methods : Twenty-five cases underwent TAPP inguinal hernia repair with liquid-injection and gauze dissection. Before the initial peritoneal incision, liquid injection was performed percutaneously into the pre-peritoneal space at the outside of the internal inguinal ring and the inside of the seminal duct. Especially, at the inside of the seminal duct, the liquid was injected into the space between the superficial and deep lobe of pre-peritoneal fascia. Gauze was effectively used to dissect this liquid-injected space. Results : In comparison with the cases of inguinal hernia repair without liquid-injection and gauze dissection, the cases who underwent TAPP inguinal hernia repair with liquid-injection and gauze dissection experienced shorter operation times and no complications or recurrence. Conclusions : TAPP inguinal hernia repair with liquid-injection and gauze dissection appears to be a safe and feasible procedure. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 271-273, August, 2020.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dissection; Female; Hernia, Inguinal; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Peritoneum; Young Adult
PubMed: 33148900
DOI: 10.2152/jmi.67.271 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... Oct 2018The mechanically skinned (or "peeled") skeletal muscle fiber technique is a highly versatile procedure that allows controlled examination of each of the steps in the... (Review)
Review
The mechanically skinned (or "peeled") skeletal muscle fiber technique is a highly versatile procedure that allows controlled examination of each of the steps in the excitation-contraction (EC)-coupling sequence in skeletal muscle fibers, starting with excitation/depolarization of the transverse tubular (T)-system through to Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and finally force development by the contractile apparatus. It can also show the overall response of the whole EC-coupling sequence together, such as in twitch and tetanic force responses. A major advantage over intact muscle fiber preparations is that it is possible to set and rapidly manipulate the "intracellular" conditions, allowing examination of the effects of key variables (e.g., intracellular pH, ATP levels, redox state, etc.) on each individual step in EC coupling. This Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology (CORP) article describes the rationale, procedures, and experimental details of the various ways in which the mechanically skinned fiber technique is used in our laboratory to examine the physiological mechanisms controlling Ca release and contraction in skeletal muscle fibers and the aberrations and dysfunction occurring with exercise and disease.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Dissection; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
PubMed: 30024333
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2018 -
BMC Medical Education Oct 2019Radiology integration into medical anatomy courses is well established, but there is a paucity of literature on integrating virtual dissection into cadaveric dissection...
BACKGROUND
Radiology integration into medical anatomy courses is well established, but there is a paucity of literature on integrating virtual dissection into cadaveric dissection laboratories. Virtual dissection is the digital dissection of medical images on touchscreen anatomy visualization tables. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of integrating virtual dissection into a first-year medical cadaver-based anatomy course and to assess students' overall attitude towards this new technology.
METHODS
All students in first-year medicine at a single medical school participated in this study (n = 292). Six virtual dissection laboratories, which focused on normal anatomy, were developed and integrated into a cadaver-based anatomy course. The virtual dissection table (VDT) was also integrated into the final anatomy spot exam. Following the course, students completed a short evidence-informed survey which was developed using a theoretical framework for curriculum evaluation. Numerical data were tabulated, and qualitative content analysis was performed on students' unstructured comments.
RESULTS
The survey response rate was 69.2% (n = 202/292). Most (78.7%) students reported that virtual dissection enhanced their understanding of the cadaveric anatomy and the clinical applications of anatomy. Most (73.8%) students also felt that the VDT was an effective use of the laboratory time. Thirteen narrative comments were collected, most of which (61.5%) identified strengths of the curriculum.
CONCLUSIONS
In this pilot study, students perceived that their learning was enhanced when virtual dissection was combined with a cadaver-based anatomy laboratory. This study demonstrates that there is potential for virtual dissection to augment cadaveric dissection in medical education.
Topics: Anatomy; Cadaver; Curriculum; Dissection; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Female; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Schools, Medical; Students, Medical
PubMed: 31590672
DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1806-5