-
International Journal of Dermatology Aug 2022Acne is one of the most frequent dermatological afflictions especially for people in their first 30 years of age. Several studies have shown that nutrition is one of... (Review)
Review
Acne is one of the most frequent dermatological afflictions especially for people in their first 30 years of age. Several studies have shown that nutrition is one of the key factors involved in acne pathogenesis. Data show that a high glycemic index diet may be a trigger in acne pathogenesis, while patients with a low glycemic index diet have fewer acne lesions. Milk and chocolate are also involved in the exacerbation of acne. However, foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines with therapeutic effect. Additionally, docosapentaenoic acid and γ-linolenic acid have demonstrated improved acne lesions. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the association between acne and diet with special attention to the most frequently discussed factors involved in its pathogenesis: milk, chocolate, omega-3 fatty acids, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, and IGF-1.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Glycemic Index; Humans; Milk
PubMed: 34423427
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15862 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Jul 2016Hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides > 150 mg/dL) affects ~25 % of the United States (US) population and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Severe... (Review)
Review
Hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides > 150 mg/dL) affects ~25 % of the United States (US) population and is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Severe hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 500 mg/dL) is also a risk factor for pancreatitis. Three omega-3 fatty acid (OM3FA) prescription formulations are approved in the US for the treatment of adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia: (1) OM3FA ethyl esters (OM3EE), a mixture of OM3FA ethyl esters, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Lovaza®, Omtryg™, and generics); (2) icosapent ethyl (IPE), EPA ethyl esters (Vascepa®); and (3) omega-3 carboxylic acids (OM3CA), a mixture of OM3FAs in free fatty acid form, primarily EPA, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid (Epanova®). At approved doses, all formulations substantially reduce triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein levels. DHA-containing formulations may also increase low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, this is not accompanied by increased non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is thought to provide a better indication of cardiovascular risk in this patient population. Proposed mechanisms of action of OM3FAs include inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase, increased plasma lipoprotein lipase activity, decreased hepatic lipogenesis, and increased hepatic β-oxidation. OM3CA bioavailability (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last measurable concentration) is up to 4-fold greater than that of OM3FA ethyl esters, and unlike ethyl esters, the absorption of OM3CA is not dependent on pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. All three formulations are well tolerated (the most common adverse events are gastrointestinal) and demonstrate a lack of drug-drug interactions with other lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins and fibrates. OM3FAs appear to be an effective treatment option for patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
Topics: Adult; Biological Availability; Cholesterol, LDL; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Drug Combinations; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Esters; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Hypertriglyceridemia; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipogenesis; Lipoprotein Lipase; Lipoproteins, VLDL; Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Triglycerides
PubMed: 27444154
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0286-4 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2021Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential fatty acids that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In... (Review)
Review
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential fatty acids that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In addition to altering the structure and function of cell membranes, omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) exert different effects on intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Firstly, we review the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota. And the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on intestinal immunity and inflammation were described. Furthermore, the important roles of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the balance between gut immunity and the gut microbiota were discussed. Additional factors, such as obesity and diseases (NAFLD, gastrointestinal malignancies or cancer, bacterial and viral infections), which are associated with variability in omega-3 PUFA metabolism, can influence omega-3 PUFAs-microbiome-immune system interactions in the intestinal tract and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review identifies several pathways by which the microbiota modulates the gut immune system through omega-3 PUFAs. Omega-3 supplementation can be targeted to specific pathways to prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases, which may help researchers identify innovative diagnostic methods.
Topics: Animals; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Intestines
PubMed: 33488295
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879227 -
Nutrients Sep 2020Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as... (Review)
Review
Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as cancer, and inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, are mostly attractive. They are available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. The anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic effects of these fatty acids are well known, whereas pro-inflammatory properties have been recognized in their dietary counterparts, the ω-6PUFAs. Both ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs contribute to the production of lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids that are notably involved in control of food intake, energy sensing, and food-related disorders. In this review, we present ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs and their derivatives, endocannabinoids; discuss the anti-obesity effects of ω-3PUFAs; their roles in inflammation and colorectal cancer development; and how their action can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Colorectal Neoplasms; Diet; Eating; Endocannabinoids; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Inflammation; Obesity
PubMed: 32927614
DOI: 10.3390/nu12092751 -
Nutrients Oct 2021Observational studies have suggested that fatty acids such as higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent frailty. By using Mendelian...
BACKGROUND
Observational studies have suggested that fatty acids such as higher levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent frailty. By using Mendelian randomization analysis, we examined the relationship between fatty acids and frailty.
METHODS
We used summary statistics data for single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma levels of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (palmitoleic acid, oleic acid), n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid), and n-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), and the corresponding data for frailty index (FI) in 356,432 individuals in the UK Biobank.
RESULTS
Although there were no robust associations on the MUFAs or the PUFAs, genetically predicted higher plasma stearic acid level (one of saturated fatty acids) was statistically significantly associated with higher FI (β = 0.178; 95% confidence interval = -0.050 to 0.307; = 0.007). Such a relationship was also observed in a multivariate MR (β = 0.361; 95% confidence interval = 0.155 to 0.567; = 0.001). Genetically predicted higher palmitic acid was also significantly associated with higher FI (β = 0.288; 95% confidence interval = 0.128 to 0.447; < 0.001) in the multivariate MR analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The present MR study implies that saturated fatty acids, especially stearic acid, is a risk factor of frailty.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Frailty; Genetic Variation; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 34684540
DOI: 10.3390/nu13103539 -
Essays in Biochemistry Sep 2020Today, persistent and uncontrolled inflammation is appreciated to play a pivotal role in many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases,... (Review)
Review
Today, persistent and uncontrolled inflammation is appreciated to play a pivotal role in many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome and many other diseases of public health concern (e.g. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and periodontal disease). The ideal response to initial challenge in humans is a self-limited inflammatory response leading to complete resolution. The resolution phase is now widely recognized as a biosynthetically active process, governed by a superfamily of endogenous chemical mediators that stimulate resolution of inflammatory responses, namely specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). Because resolution is the natural ideal response, the SPMs have gained attention. SPMs are mediators that include ω-6 arachidonic acid-derived lipoxins, ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived resolvins, protectins and maresins, cysteinyl-SPMs, as well as n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)-derived SPMs. These novel immunoresolvents, their biosynthetic pathways and receptors have proven to promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, reduce pain and promote tissue regeneration via specific cellular and molecular mechanisms. As of 17 August, 2020, PubMed.gov reported >1170 publications for resolvins, confirming their potent protective actions from many laboratories worldwide. Since this field is rapidly expanding, we provide a short update of advances within 2-3 years from human and preclinical animal studies, together with the structural-functional elucidation of SPMs and identification of novel SPM receptors. These new discoveries indicate that SPMs, their pathways and receptors could provide a basis for new approaches for treating inflammation-associated diseases and for stimulating tissue regeneration via resolution pharmacology and precision nutrition.
Topics: Animals; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32885825
DOI: 10.1042/EBC20200018 -
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2015Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological... (Review)
Review
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
PubMed: 25954194
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052 -
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B Nov 2021Detailed knowledge on tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is vital for more accurate understanding the molecular pathological signature...
Detailed knowledge on tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is vital for more accurate understanding the molecular pathological signature and developing novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a spatial-resolved metabolomics approach based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (AFADESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) integrated mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was proposed to investigate tissue-specific metabolic alterations in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated DN rats and the therapeutic effect of astragaloside IV, a potential anti-diabetic drug, against DN. As a result, a wide range of functional metabolites including sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and their derivatives, fatty acids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerides, carnitine and its derivatives, vitamins, peptides, and metal ions associated with DN were identified and their unique distribution patterns in the rat kidney were visualized with high chemical specificity and high spatial resolution. These region-specific metabolic disturbances were ameliorated by repeated oral administration of astragaloside IV (100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. This study provided more comprehensive and detailed information about the tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming and molecular pathological signature in the kidney of diabetic rats. These findings highlighted the promising potential of AFADESI and MALDI integrated MSI based metabolomics approach for application in metabolic kidney diseases.
PubMed: 34900545
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.013 -
EBioMedicine Dec 2021Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Identifying novel...
BACKGROUND
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Identifying novel biomarkers of MetS and their genetic associations could provide insights into the mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases.
METHODS
Potential MetS-associated metabolites were screened and internally validated by untargeted metabolomics analyses among 693 patients with MetS and 705 controls. External validation was conducted using two well-established targeted metabolomic methods among 149 patients with MetS and 253 controls. The genetic associations of metabolites were determined by linear regression using our previous genome-wide SNP data. Causal relationships were assessed using a one-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach.
FINDINGS
Nine metabolites were ultimately found to be associated with MetS or its components. Five metabolites, including LysoPC(14:0), LysoPC(15:0), propionyl carnitine, phenylalanine, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were selected to construct a metabolite risk score (MRS), which was found to have a dose-response relationship with MetS and metabolic abnormalities. Moreover, MRS displayed a good ability to differentiate MetS and metabolic abnormalities. Three SNPs (rs11635491, rs7067822, and rs1952458) were associated with LysoPC(15:0). Two SNPs, rs1952458 and rs11635491 were found to be marginally correlated with several MetS components. MR analyses showed that a higher LysoPC(15:0) level was causally associated with the risk of overweight/obesity, dyslipidaemia, high uric acid, high insulin and high HOMA-IR.
INTERPRETATION
We identified five metabolite biomarkers of MetS and three SNPs associated with LysoPC(15:0). MR analyses revealed that abnormal LysoPC metabolism may be causally linked the metabolic risk.
FUNDING
This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0907004).
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Early Diagnosis; Female; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Linear Models; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Male; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Metabolic Syndrome; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 34801968
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103707 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2021Microglia M1 phenotype causes HPA axis hyperactivity, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and production of proinflammatory mediators and oxidants, which may contribute to the...
ω-3 DPA Protected Neurons from Neuroinflammation by Balancing Microglia M1/M2 Polarizations through Inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK p38 Signaling and Activating Neuron-BDNF-PI3K/AKT Pathways.
Microglia M1 phenotype causes HPA axis hyperactivity, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and production of proinflammatory mediators and oxidants, which may contribute to the etiology of depression and neurodegenerative diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may counteract neuroinflammation by increasing n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DPA, as well as whether it can exert antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects, are unknown. The present study first evaluated DPA's antineuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia. The results showed that 50 μM DPA significantly decreased BV2 cell viability after 100 ng/mL LPS stimulation, which was associated with significant downregulation of microglia M1 phenotype markers and proinflammatory cytokines but upregulation of M2 markers and anti-inflammatory cytokine. Then, DPA inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 pathways, which results were similar to the effects of NF-κB inhibitor, a positive control. Second, BV2 cell supernatant was cultured with differentiated SH-SY5Y neurons. The results showed that the supernatant from LPS-activated BV2 cells significantly decreased SH-SY5Y cell viability and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), TrkB, p-AKT, and PI3K expression, which were significantly reversed by DPA pretreatment. Furthermore, DPA neuroprotection was abrogated by BDNF-SiRNA. Therefore, n-3 DPA may protect neurons from neuroinflammation-induced damage by balancing microglia M1 and M2 polarizations, inhibiting microglia-NF-κB and MAPK p38 while activating neuron-BDNF/TrkB-PI3K/AKT pathways.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Microalgae; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
PubMed: 34822458
DOI: 10.3390/md19110587