-
International Journal of Clinical and... 2020Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was performed to examine the activation characteristics of cognition-related brain regions in patients with mild traumatic... (Review)
Review
Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was performed to examine the activation characteristics of cognition-related brain regions in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The databases PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CNKI, WFSD, and VIP were systematically searched. The software Ginger-ALE 3.0.2 was used for coordinate unification and meta-analysis. Seven studies with a total of 314 subjects were included. Meta-analysis results indicated that compared with healthy subjects, mTBI patients had enhanced activation in the left anterior angular gyrus, left occipital joint visual, left midbrain, right temporal angular gyrus, right cerebellar tonsil, left frontal insula, and right inferior frontal gyrus. mTBI patients had attenuated activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, left cerebellar anterior lobe, left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, right middle frontal gyrus, right posterior cingulate gyrus, left joint visual, left supramarginal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right precuneus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right frontal eye field, right lower parietal gyrus, corpus callosum, right frontal pole region, and left prefrontal lobe. Further joint analysis revealed that the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe of the right middle frontal gyrus was a region of attenuated co-activation. The dorsolateral prefrontal lobe of the right middle frontal gyrus showing attenuated activation was the main brain region distinguishing mTBI patients from healthy subjects. Cognitive deficits could be associated with attenuated activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal lobe of the right middle frontal gyrus, which could be due to a decline in the recruitment ability of the neural network involved in controlling attention.
PubMed: 33425093
DOI: No ID Found -
Brain Stimulation 2023
A novel sequential bilateral neurostimulation approach for treatment-resistant depression involving high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intermittent theta burst to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Topics: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; Depression; Prefrontal Cortex; Theta Rhythm; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37981064
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.11.007 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Mar 2020Despite clear evidence linking the basal ganglia to the control of outcome insensitivity (i.e., habit) and behavioral vigor (i.e., its behavioral speed/fluidity), it...
Despite clear evidence linking the basal ganglia to the control of outcome insensitivity (i.e., habit) and behavioral vigor (i.e., its behavioral speed/fluidity), it remains unclear whether or how these functions relate to one another. Here, using male Long-Evans rats in response-based and cue-based maze-running tasks, we demonstrate that phasic dorsolateral striatum (DLS) activity occurring at the onset of a learned behavior regulates how vigorous and habitual it is. In a response-based task, brief optogenetic excitation at the onset of runs decreased run duration and the occurrence of deliberative behaviors, whereas midrun stimulation carried little effect. Outcome devaluation showed these runs to be habitual. DLS inhibition at run start did not produce robust effects on behavior until after outcome devaluation. At that time, when the DLS was plausibly most critically required for performance (i.e., habitual), inhibition reduced performance vigor measures and caused a dramatic loss of habitual responding (i.e., animals quit the task). In a second cue-based "beacon" task requiring behavior initiation at the start of the run and again in the middle of the run, DLS excitation at both time points could improve the vigor of runs. Postdevaluation testing showed behavior on the beacon task to be habitual as well. This pattern of results suggests that one role for phasic DLS activity at behavior initiation is to promote the execution of the behavior in a vigorous and habitual fashion by a diverse set of measures. Our research expands the literature twofold. First, we find that features of a habitual behavior that are typically studied separately (i.e., maze response performance, deliberation movements, running vigor, and outcome insensitivity) are quite closely linked together. Second, efforts have been made to understand "what" the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) does for habitual behavior, and our research provides a key set of results showing "when" it is important (i.e., at behavior initiation). By showing such dramatic control over habits by DLS activity in a phasic time window, plausible real-world applications could involve more informed DLS perturbations to curb intractably problematic habits.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum; Habits; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans
PubMed: 31969469
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1313-19.2019 -
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2015The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is often targeted with non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to modulate in vivo human behaviors. This brain region plays a... (Review)
Review
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is often targeted with non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to modulate in vivo human behaviors. This brain region plays a key role in mood, emotional processing, and attentional processing of emotional information. In this article, we ask the question: when we target the DLPFC with NIBS, do we modulate these processes altogether, non-specifically, or can we modulate them selectively? We thus review articles investigating the effects of NIBS applied over the DLPFC on mood, emotional processing, and attentional processing of emotional stimuli in healthy subjects. We discuss that NIBS over the DLPFC can modulate emotional processing and attentional processing of emotional stimuli, without specifically influencing mood. Indeed, there seems to be a lack of evidence that NIBS over the DLPFC influences mood in healthy individuals. Finally, there appears to be a hemispheric lateralization: when applied over the left DLPFC, NIBS improved processing of positive stimuli and reduced selective attention for stimuli expressing anger, whereas when applied over the right DLPFC, it increased selective attention for stimuli expressing anger.
PubMed: 26528131
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00399 -
PloS One 2019Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the ventral region, often causes considerable discomfort to subjects. To...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the ventral region, often causes considerable discomfort to subjects. To date, in contrast to abundant literature on stimulations to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex has been less frequently stimulated, partly because some subjects are intolerable of stimulation to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. To predict the additional number of subjects required for the stimulation of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, 20 young healthy subjects reported two evaluation scores: the discomfort caused by TMS and the resulting intolerability to complete the TMS experiments. Single-pulse stimulation (SPS) or theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was administered to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The high-resolution extended 10-20 system was used to provide accurate estimation of the voxelwise scores. The discomfort ratings with the SPS and TBS were relatively higher in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex than those in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Both the SPS and TBS elicited maximal discomfort at the stimulation position F8. The SPS and TBS to F8 under the standard TMS protocols were intolerable for approximately one half (11 and 10, respectively) of the subjects. The intolerability was further calculated for all voxels in the lateral prefrontal cortex, which enabled us to estimate the additional number of subjects required for specific target areas. These results suggest that prior knowledge of subjects' discomfort during stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex can be of practical use in the experimental planning of the appropriate number of recruited subjects and provide the database for the probability of intolerability that can be used to predict the additional number of subjects.
Topics: Adult; Brain Mapping; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Dropouts; Prefrontal Cortex; Reproducibility of Results; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Young Adult
PubMed: 31158248
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217826 -
The Journal of Neuroscience : the... Feb 2014Parallel cortico-basal ganglia loops are thought to have distinct but interacting functions in motor learning and habit formation. In rats, the striatal projection...
Parallel cortico-basal ganglia loops are thought to have distinct but interacting functions in motor learning and habit formation. In rats, the striatal projection neuron populations (MSNs) in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum, respectively corresponding to sensorimotor and associative regions of the striatum, exhibit contrasting dynamics as rats acquire T-maze tasks (Thorn et al., 2010). Here, we asked whether these patterns could be related to the activity of local interneuron populations in the striatum and to the local field potential activity recorded simultaneously in the corresponding regions. We found that dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatal fast-spiking interneurons exhibited task-specific and training-related dynamics consistent with those of corresponding MSN populations. Moreover, both MSNs and interneuron populations in both regions became entrained to theta-band (5-12 Hz) frequencies during task acquisition. However, the predominant entrainment frequencies were different for the sensorimotor and associative zones. Dorsolateral striatal neurons became entrained mid-task to oscillations centered ∼ 5 Hz, whereas simultaneously recorded neurons in the dorsomedial region became entrained to higher frequency (∼ 10 Hz) rhythms. These region-specific patterns of entrainment evolved dynamically with the development of region-specific patterns of interneuron and MSN activity, indicating that, with learning, these two striatal regions can develop different frequency-modulated circuit activities in parallel. We suggest that such differential entrainment of sensorimotor and associative neuronal populations, acquired through learning, could be critical for coordinating information flow throughout each trans-striatal network while simultaneously enabling nearby components of the separate networks to operate independently.
Topics: Animals; Cluster Analysis; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Discrimination, Psychological; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Evoked Potentials; Habits; Interneurons; Learning; Male; Motor Cortex; Neostriatum; Nerve Net; Neurons; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Somatosensory Cortex; Theta Rhythm
PubMed: 24553926
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1782-13.2014 -
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2021This review article summarizes various functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that are related to language processing. To this end, its connectivity...
This review article summarizes various functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that are related to language processing. To this end, its connectivity with the left-dominant perisylvian language network was considered, as well as its interaction with other functional networks that, directly or indirectly, contribute to language processing. Language-related functions of the DLPFC comprise various aspects of pragmatic processing such as discourse management, integration of prosody, interpretation of nonliteral meanings, inference making, ambiguity resolution, and error repair. Neurophysiologically, the DLPFC seems to be a key region for implementing functional connectivity between the language network and other functional networks, including cortico-cortical as well as subcortical circuits. Considering clinical aspects, damage to the DLPFC causes psychiatric communication deficits rather than typical aphasic language syndromes. Although the number of well-controlled studies on DLPFC language functions is still limited, the DLPFC might be an important target region for the treatment of pragmatic language disorders.
PubMed: 34079444
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.645209 -
Medicine Feb 2024Lateral medullary syndrome is caused by atherosclerosis or embolism of the vertebral artery and its branches or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).The...
RATIONALE
Lateral medullary syndrome is caused by atherosclerosis or embolism of the vertebral artery and its branches or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA).The eight-and-a-half syndrome is a rare pontocerebellar nerve-ocular syndrome presenting as a one-and-a-half syndrome plus ipsilateral seventh cerebral nerve palsy. The dorsolateral medullary syndrome combined with the eight-and-a-half syndromes is even rarer, so it is important to recognize the features of the classical brainstem syndrome and the eight-and-a-half syndromes.
PATIENT CONCERNS
Most patients with dorsolateral medullary syndrome combined with eight-and-a-half syndromes have a good prognosis, with recovery occurring within a few weeks to a few months, although a few patients may take longer to recover.
DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTIONS
In the course of disease development, the patient developed dysarthria, dysphagia, hypothermia, ipsilateral Horner sign and ataxia. Computed tomography was performed which showed cerebral infarction in the left brainstem. Cranial diffusion-weighted imaging + magnetic resonance angiography showed acute infarction in the left cerebellar hemisphere, with a high probability of severe stenosis or occlusion in the intracranial and proximal segments of the basilar arteries. This supports the diagnosis of dorsolateral medullary syndrome. The patient's limited adduction and abduction of the left eye and limited adduction of the right eye, combined with peripheral paralysis of the affected lateral nerve, supported the diagnosis of eight-and-a-half syndromes. The administration of antiplatelet and anti-ester fixation treatment can effectively improve the symptoms and shorten the course of the disease.
OUTCOMES
After antiplatelet and anti-ester fixation treatment, the symptoms improved and the patient was discharged.
LESSONS
Dorsolateral medullary syndrome combined with eight-and-a-half syndromes is a rare clinical condition, and therefore more attention should be paid to the early diagnosis and treatment of such patients.
Topics: Humans; Lateral Medullary Syndrome; Cerebellum; Cerebral Infarction; Infarction; Vertebral Artery; Facial Paralysis
PubMed: 38335410
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034409 -
Neuron Sep 2014The basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection, both of which require the integration of sensory information. In order to determine how...
The basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection, both of which require the integration of sensory information. In order to determine how such sensory inputs are integrated, we obtained whole-cell recordings in mouse dorsal striatum during presentation of tactile and visual stimuli. All recorded neurons responded to bilateral whisker stimulation, and a subpopulation also responded to visual stimulation. Neurons responding to both visual and tactile stimuli were located in dorsomedial striatum, whereas those responding only to whisker deflections were located dorsolaterally. Responses were mediated by overlapping excitation and inhibition, with excitation onset preceding that of inhibition by several milliseconds. Responses differed according to the type of neuron, with direct pathway MSNs having larger responses and longer latencies between ipsilateral and contralateral responses than indirect pathway MSNs. Our results suggest that striatum acts as a sensory "hub" with specialized functional roles for the different neuron types.
Topics: Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Biotin; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Dextrans; Female; Functional Laterality; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Vibrissae
PubMed: 25155959
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.033 -
Child Development Oct 1998Both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been implicated in autism. In the present study, performance on two neuropsychological tasks--one... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been implicated in autism. In the present study, performance on two neuropsychological tasks--one tapping the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, and another tapping the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex--was examined in relation to performance on tasks assessing autistic symptoms in young children with autism, and developmentally matched groups of children with Down syndrome or typical development. Autistic symptoms included orienting to social stimuli, immediate and deferred motor imitation, shared attention, responses to emotional stimuli, and symbolic play. Compared with children with Down syndrome and typically developing children, children with autism performed significantly worse on both the medial temporal lobe and dorsolateral prefrontal tasks, and on tasks assessing symptoms domains. For children with autism, the severity of autistic symptoms was strongly and consistently correlated with performance on the medial temporal lobe task, but not the dorsolateral prefrontal task. The hypothesis that autism is related to dysfunction of the medial temporal lobe and related limbic structures, such as the orbital prefrontal cortex, is discussed.
Topics: Age Factors; Autistic Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition Disorders; Down Syndrome; Female; Humans; Limbic System; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Prefrontal Cortex; Severity of Illness Index; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 9839415
DOI: No ID Found