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Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 2015The objective of our study was to review the current knowledge on Age- Related Macular Degeneration, including pathogenesis, ocular manifestations, diagnosis and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The objective of our study was to review the current knowledge on Age- Related Macular Degeneration, including pathogenesis, ocular manifestations, diagnosis and ancillary testing.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW METHODOLOGY
Relevant publications on Age-Related Macular Degeneration that were published until 2014.
CONCLUSIONS
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common macular disease affecting elderly people in the Western world. It is characterized by the appearance of drusen in the macula, accompanied by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or geographic atrophy.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Fluorescein Angiography; Geographic Atrophy; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Prevalence; Retinal Drusen; Risk Factors; Romania; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Wet Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 26978865
DOI: No ID Found -
Eye (London, England) Jan 2021The pachychoroid disease spectrum encompasses seven major retinal conditions including central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV),... (Review)
Review
The pachychoroid disease spectrum encompasses seven major retinal conditions including central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and pachychoroid neovasculopathy or type I macular neovascularisation (MNV) secondary to chronic persistent thickening and dysfunction of the choroidal vasculature. Drusen are focal yellow-white deposits of extracellular debris, which consist of complement proteins, esterified and nonesterified cholesterol, apolipoproteins, carbohydrates, and trace elements, above the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or between the RPE and Bruch's membrane. Although drusen are an essential disease precursor of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a new entity "pachydrusen" has been identified to be associated with some of the enitites that constitute the pachychoroid spectrum. It remains to be determined what the exact differences are between soft drusen, pseudodrusen, and pachydrusen in terms of phenotype, genotype, and pathogenesis. Improving our knowledge in these areas will inevitably improve our understanding of their clinical significance especially as in disease prediction in AMD and the pachychroid spectrum disorders. It remains controversial whether PCV is a subtype of AMD. Understanding the pathogenesis of different types of drusen may also help in addressing if phenotype and/or genotype of type 1 MNV associated with pachychoroid are similar to type 1 MNV related to AMD. Furthermore, because pachydrusen links two pachychoroid diseases, CSC and PCV, it is also of great interest to investigate if CSC is an early stage or a predictor of PCV in future research. In this review, we share our experience in clinical practice and the latest published evidence-based literature to emphasize the differences and similarities in morphology, pathogenesis, and clinical significance of drusen and pachydrusen, a new member of the pachychoroid spectrum disorders.
Topics: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy; Choroid; Fluorescein Angiography; Humans; Retina; Retinal Drusen
PubMed: 33208847
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01265-4 -
Ophthalmology Mar 2021To analyze associations between the dietary intake of multiple nutrients and risk of progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD), its subtypes, and large... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To analyze associations between the dietary intake of multiple nutrients and risk of progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD), its subtypes, and large drusen.
DESIGN
Post hoc analysis of 2 controlled clinical trial cohorts: Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and AREDS2.
PARTICIPANTS
Eyes with no late AMD at baseline among AREDS participants (n = 4504) and AREDS2 participants (n = 3738) totaled 14 135 eyes. Mean age was 71.0 years (standard deviation, 6.7 years), and 56.5% of patients were women.
METHODS
Fundus photographs were collected at annual study visits and graded centrally for late AMD. Dietary intake of multiple nutrients was calculated from food frequency questionnaires.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Progression to late AMD, geographic atrophy (GA), neovascular AMD, and (separate analyses) large drusen.
RESULTS
Over median follow-up of 10.2 years, of the 14 135 eyes, 32.7% progressed to late AMD. For 9 nutrients, intake quintiles 4 or 5 (vs. 1) were associated significantly (P ≤ 0.0005) with decreased risk of late AMD: vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, magnesium, copper, and alcohol. For 3 nutrients, quintiles 4 or 5 were associated significantly with increased risk: saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and oleic acid. Similar results were observed for GA. Regarding neovascular AMD, 9 nutrients were associated nominally with decreased risk-vitamin A, vitamin B6, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, magnesium, copper, docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acid, and alcohol-and 3 nutrients were associated with increased risk-saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and oleic acid. In separate analyses (n = 5399 eyes of 3164 AREDS participants), 12 nutrients were associated nominally with decreased risk of large drusen.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher dietary intake of multiple nutrients, including minerals, vitamins, and carotenoids, is associated with decreased risk of progression to late AMD. These associations are stronger for GA than for neovascular AMD. The same nutrients also tend to show protective associations against large drusen development. Strong genetic interactions exist for some nutrient-genotype combinations, particularly omega-3 fatty acids and CFH. These data may justify further research into underlying mechanisms and randomized trials of supplementation.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Supplements; Disease Progression; Energy Intake; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Geographic Atrophy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retinal Drusen; Wet Macular Degeneration
PubMed: 32858063
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.018 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... May 2014The formation of extracellular deposits known as drusen below the macular region of the retina correlates with increased risk of severe visual loss from age-related... (Review)
Review
The formation of extracellular deposits known as drusen below the macular region of the retina correlates with increased risk of severe visual loss from age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Inflammation and complement dysregulation contribute to AMD progression; however, disease mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Multiple genetic and environmental factors influence AMD pathology, and although immune system processes play a central role, multiple molecular mechanisms appear to be involved. Drusen proteomics, including the analyses of constituent proteins, oxidative protein modifications, and pattern recognition receptors, provide a foundation for deciphering mechanisms of drusen biogenesis and AMD pathology.
Topics: Animals; Bruch Membrane; Choroid; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Proteins; Proteomics; Retinal Drusen
PubMed: 24799364
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017194 -
Eye (London, England) May 2018The first descriptions of ageing macula disorder (AMD), be it under other names, appeared in 1855 and 1868. The earliest accounts of AMD linked the presence of drusen... (Review)
Review
The first descriptions of ageing macula disorder (AMD), be it under other names, appeared in 1855 and 1868. The earliest accounts of AMD linked the presence of drusen with visual loss. It took a century before these connections between drusen and AMD were generally accepted by medical science and in clinical articles. The first signs of AMD appear in the region of the choriocapillaris, Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium. The pathogenesis of drusen and of AMD is still uncertain. This is reflected in the wide variation in nomenclature of both, since the first publications.
Topics: History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Retinal Drusen; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 29424832
DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.298 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Retina; Optic Disk Drusen
PubMed: 37530259
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3019_22 -
PloS One 2022The purpose of this study was to examine the ocular and systemic risk profile of the fundus phenotype ≥ 20 small hard (macular) drusen (< 63 μm in diameter).
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the ocular and systemic risk profile of the fundus phenotype ≥ 20 small hard (macular) drusen (< 63 μm in diameter).
METHODS
This single-center, cross-sectional study of 176 same-sex twin pairs aged 30 to 80 (median 60) years was a component of a framework study of the transition from not having age-related macular degeneration to having early AMD. Drusen categories assessed using fundus photography and optical coherence tomography included small hard drusen (diameter < 63 μm), intermediate soft drusen (63-125 μm), and large soft drusen (> 125 μm), of which the soft drusen are compatible with a diagnosis of AMD.
RESULTS
Having ≥ 20 small hard drusen within or outside the macula was associated with increasing age, lower body mass index, shorter axial length, hyperopia, female sex, increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high alcohol consumption, and with the presence of soft drusen.
CONCLUSIONS
Having ≥ 20 small hard drusen was associated with some AMD-related risk factors, but not with smoking, increasing body mass index, and higher blood pressure. Having ≥ 20 small hard drusen was also associated with soft drusen, in agreement with previous studies. These findings suggest that small hard drusen are not an early manifestation of AMD but the product of a distinct process of tissue alteration that promotes the development of AMD or some subtype thereof.
Topics: Female; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Retinal Drusen; Macular Degeneration; Retina; Risk Factors; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 36548342
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279279 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2021The natural history and clinical significance of pachydrusen is unclear. This study aims to compare the longitudinal changes of eyes with pachydrusen and soft drusen and...
The natural history and clinical significance of pachydrusen is unclear. This study aims to compare the longitudinal changes of eyes with pachydrusen and soft drusen and progression to exudative macular neovascularisation (MNV). Patients with a diagnosis of MNV in one eye only and the fellow eye was selected as the study eye. Study eyes were required to have pachydrusen or soft drusen on fundus photographs and follow up of at least 2 years or until exudative MNV occurred. Systematic grading was performed at baseline and change in drusen area and onset of exudative MNV recorded over the period of follow up. A total of 75 eyes from 75 patients (29 with pachydrusen and 46 with soft drusen) were included. There was no difference in the rate of progression to exudative MNV in the soft and pachydrusen groups (13.3% versus 24.1%, p = 0.38). Pachydrusen, as compared to soft drusen, was associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy subtype (85.7% versus 16.7%, p < 0.01) and the location of exudation was co-localised with soft drusen but not with pachydrusen. There was a higher rate of increase in soft drusen area compared to pachydrusen area (27.7 ± 31.9%/year versus 8.7 ± 12.4%/year respectively, p < 0.01). We found no difference in the proportion of eyes that developed exudative MNV in this study however characterisation of drusen evolution patterns revealed a strong association with exudative MNV subtype.
Topics: Aged; Choroidal Neovascularization; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Retinal Drusen; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 33820941
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87083-4