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The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2019Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is widely recognized as the important antibody isotype involved in protective responses on mucosal surfaces, where it acts primarily by... (Review)
Review
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is widely recognized as the important antibody isotype involved in protective responses on mucosal surfaces, where it acts primarily by effectuating immune exclusion of foreign material. Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) is the most common immunodeficiency disease in dogs and humans and has consequences for mucosal immunity. This review is a comparative look at the biology of IgA and SIgAD with a focus on how this branch of immunology relates to vaccine selection and efficacy for canine infectious respiratory disease.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 31814637
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Pathology.... 1979
Review
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Agammaglobulinemia; Animals; Bone Marrow Diseases; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; IgA Deficiency; IgG Deficiency; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Immunosuppression Therapy; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Multiple Myeloma; Nephrotic Syndrome; Pregnancy; Protein-Losing Enteropathies; Radiotherapy; Time Factors; Uremia; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 391824
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.s3-13.1.15 -
Nutrients Apr 2023The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals...
UNLABELLED
The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals with a satisfactory diet variety score present a lower risk of malnutrition and better health status. Zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play a role in many biochemical and physiological processes of the immune system. Deficient individuals can present both innate and adaptive immunity abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or dysregulation of a specific immunologic pathway. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency. This disease is defined as serum IgA levels lower than 7 mg/dL and normal IgG and IgM levels in individuals older than four years. Although many patients are asymptomatic, selected patients suffer from different clinical complications, such as pulmonary infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and malignancy. Knowing the nutritional status as well as the risk of zinc and selenium deficiency could be helpful for the management of IgAD patients.
OBJECTIVES
to investigate the anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional profiles and the status of zinc and selenium in patients with IgAD.
METHODS
in this descriptive study, we screened 16 IgAD patients for anthropometric and dietary data, biochemical evaluation and determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc and selenium.
RESULTS
dietary intake of zinc and selenium was adequate in 75% and 86% of the patients, respectively. These results were consistent with the plasma levels (adequate levels of zinc in all patients and selenium in 50% of children, 25% of adolescents and 100% of adults). However, erythrocyte levels were low for both micronutrients (deficiency for both in 100% of children, 75% of adolescents and 25% of adults).
CONCLUSION
our results highlight the elevated prevalence of erythrocyte zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with IgAD, and the need for investigation of these micronutrients in their follow-up.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Selenium; IgA Deficiency; Zinc; Malnutrition; Adaptive Immunity
PubMed: 37432290
DOI: 10.3390/nu15092145 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Sep 1990Each of the four human IgG subclasses exhibits a unique profile of effector functions relevant to the clearance and elimination of infecting microorganisms. The... (Review)
Review
Each of the four human IgG subclasses exhibits a unique profile of effector functions relevant to the clearance and elimination of infecting microorganisms. The quantitative response within each IgG subclass varies with the nature of the antigen, its route of entry and, presumably, the form in which it is presented to the immune system. This results in antibody responses to certain antigens being predominantly or exclusively of a single IgG subclass. An inability to produce antibody of the optimally protective isotype can result in a selective immunodeficiency state. This is particularly apparent for responses to certain bacterial carbohydrate antigens that are normally of IgG2 isotype. A failure to produce the appropriate specific antibody response may result in recurrent upper and/or lower respiratory tract infection. Careful patient investigation can identify such deficiencies and suggest appropriate clinical management. In this review we outline the biology and clinical relevance of the IgG subclasses and summarize current rational treatment approaches.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Infections; Dysgammaglobulinemia; Humans; IgG Deficiency; Immunization; Immunoglobulin G; Vaccination
PubMed: 2204502
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05339.x -
Critical Reviews in Immunology 2007Expression and activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the aicda gene are essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene somatic hypermutation (SHM)... (Review)
Review
Expression and activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the aicda gene are essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch DNA recombination (CSR). SHM and CSR unfold, in general, in germinal centers and/are central to the maturation of effective antibody responses. AID expression is induced by activated B-cell CD40 signaling, which is critical for the germinal center reaction, and is further enhanced by other stimuli, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) secreted from CD4+ T cells or Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activating bacterial and/or viral molecules. Integration of different intracellular signal transduction pathways, as activated by these stimuli, leads to a dynamic aicda-regulating program, which involves both positively acting trans-factors, such as Pax5, HoxC4, E47, and Irf8, and negative modulators, such as Blimp1 and Id2, to restrict aicda expression primarily to germinal center B cells. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), which functions downstream of activated B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, likely plays an important role in triggering the downregulation of aicda expression in postgerminal center B cells and throughout plasmacytoid differentiation. In B cells undergoing SHM and CSR, AID activity, and, possibly, AID targeting to the Ig locus are regulated at a posttranslational level, including AID dimerization/oligomerization, nuclear/cytoplasmic AID translocation, and phosphorylation of the AID Ser38 residue by protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we discuss the role of B-cell activation signals, transcription regulation programs, and posttranslational modifications in controlling aicda expression and AID activity, thereby delineating an integrated model of modulation of SHM and CSR in the germinal center reaction.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cytidine Deaminase; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Germinal Center; Humans; Hyper-IgM Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Immunoglobulin Class Switching; Lymphocyte Activation; Phosphorylation; Receptors, Immunologic; Recombination, Genetic; Signal Transduction; Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 18197815
DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v27.i4.60 -
Anales de Pediatria Sep 2022(1) To describe the prevalence of IgA deficiency (IgAD), uveitis, coeliac disease (CD) and thyroid disorders in a multicentric cohort of patients diagnosed with JIA and,...
OBJECTIVES
(1) To describe the prevalence of IgA deficiency (IgAD), uveitis, coeliac disease (CD) and thyroid disorders in a multicentric cohort of patients diagnosed with JIA and, (2) to evaluate whether patients with JIA and IgAD present other autoimmune diseases more frequently than patients with normal serum levels of IgA.
METHODS
Retrospective chart review of a cohort of patients diagnosed with JIA followed at the paediatric rheumatology units of two hospitals in Madrid, Spain.
RESULTS
A total of 193 patients were included. Of them, 123 were females (64%). Median age at disease onset was 5.6 years (IQR 2.5-9.7) and the median time of follow-up was 5.1 years (IQR 2.2-8.1). The three most common ILAR categories were oligoarticular (53%), polyarticular RF negative (20%) and enthesitis related arthritis (10%). Serum IgA levels were available in 172/193 (89%); 25/172 (15%) had selective (<7mg/dl, n=8) or partial (7-69mg/dl, n=17) IgAD. All the patients had periodic eye exams. Eighteen children (9%) had anterior uveitis, 15/18 chronic and 3/18 acute. Serum anti transglutaminase IgA, or IgG in IgAD were obtained in 135/193 (70%). Four children (3%) were diagnosed with CD either by intestinal biopsy (n=3) or by the combination of characteristic clinical, serological and genetic features (n=1); two of them had IgAD (p=0.12; OR=6.4; 95% CI 0.9-47.6). Only 1/153 (0.7%) patient had hyperthyrotropinemia with positive anti-thyroid antibodies and required replacement therapy.
CONCLUSION
Patients with JIA frequently present autoimmune comorbidities. IgAD does not seem to increase their prevalence, with the possible exception of CD.
Topics: Arthritis, Juvenile; Celiac Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Immunoglobulin A; Male; Retrospective Studies; Transglutaminases
PubMed: 35459637
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2022.03.004 -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) Feb 2018We present the case of a 67-year-old man who suffered an acute anaphylactic reaction during red cell transfusion due to the presence of anti-IgA antibodies. The...
We present the case of a 67-year-old man who suffered an acute anaphylactic reaction during red cell transfusion due to the presence of anti-IgA antibodies. The incidence and clinical relevance of anti-IgA antibodies in IgA deficiency is reviewed, and the wider investigation and management of acute transfusion reactions is also discussed. This case highlights the need to consider the potential risks of blood component transfusion against the purported benefit.
Topics: Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Immunoglobulin A; Male; Transfusion Reaction; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex
PubMed: 29436447
DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-1-95 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2022The prevalence and mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) widely vary among populations. Mucosal immunity is the first barrier to the pathogen's entry...
The prevalence and mortality rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) widely vary among populations. Mucosal immunity is the first barrier to the pathogen's entry into the body. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the primary antibody responsible for mucosal immunity. We explored the relationship between selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) and COVID-19 severity. We included 424 patients (203 women) with COVID-19. Eleven patients had SIgAD. Laboratory data of patients with SIgAD and normal IgA levels were compared. The relationship between SIgAD and severe COVID-19 infection was explored using logistic regression analysis. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of severe COVID-19 disease in patients with SIgAD was approximately 7.7-fold higher than that in other patients (odds ratio [OR], 7.789; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.665-36.690, P = 0.008), while it was 4-fold (OR, 4.053; 95% CI, 1.182-13.903, P = 0.026) higher in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Serum IgA levels were positively correlated with total lymphocyte counts and negatively correlated with C-reactive protein levels, which was a risk factor for severe COVID-19. In patients with SIgAD, the number of severe acute respiratory coronaviruses 2 that pass through mucosal membranes may be increased, leading to complications such as cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Topics: COVID-19; Female; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Immunoglobulin A; Prognosis
PubMed: 34588364
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.281 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Sep 1976
Review
Topics: Agammaglobulinemia; Ataxia Telangiectasia; Dysgammaglobulinemia; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Skin Manifestations; Thymus Gland; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
PubMed: 787434
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514714 -
BMC Immunology Aug 2021Factors associated with IgG levels in adults with IgG subclass deficiency (IgGSD) are incompletely understood. We studied adults with IgGSD with subnormal IgG1 only,...
BACKGROUND
Factors associated with IgG levels in adults with IgG subclass deficiency (IgGSD) are incompletely understood. We studied adults with IgGSD with subnormal IgG1 only, subnormal IgG1/IgG3, or subnormal IgG3 only without other subnormal IgG subclasses, IgA, or IgM. We compiled: age; sex; autoimmune condition(s) (AC); atopy; IgG, IgG subclasses, IgA, IgM; IgGsum (IgG1 + IgG2 + IgG3 + IgG4); and D (percentage difference between IgGsum and IgG). We compared attributes of patients with/without subnormal IgG (< 7.00 g/L; subnormal IgG1 subclass groups only) and analyzed IgGsum and IgG relationships. We performed backward stepwise regressions on IgG using independent variables IgG subclasses, age, and sex and on D using independent variables age and sex.
RESULTS
There were 39 patients with subnormal IgG1 only (89.7% women), 53 with subnormal IgG1/IgG3 (88.7% women), and 115 with subnormal IgG3 only (91.3% women). Fifteen patients (38.5%) and 32 patients (60.4%) in the respective subnormal IgG1 subclass groups had subnormal IgG. Attributes of patients with/without IgG < 7.00 g/L were similar, except that AC prevalence was lower in patients with subnormal IgG1 only and IgG < 7.00 g/L than ≥ 7.00 g/L (p = 0.0484). Mean/median IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly lower in patients with IgG < 7.00 g/L in both subnormal IgG1 subclass groups (p < 0.0001, all comparisons). Regressions on IgG in three subclass groups revealed positive associations with IgG1 and IgG2 (p < 0.0001 each association). Regressions on D revealed no significant association. IgG1 percentages of IgGsum were lower and IgG2 percentages were higher in patients with subnormal IgG1 subclass levels than subnormal IgG3 only (p < 0.0001 all comparisons).
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that both IgG1 and IgG2 are major determinants of IgG in patients with subnormal IgG1, combined subnormal IgG1/IgG3, or subnormal IgG3 and that in patients with subnormal IgG1 or combined subnormal IgG1/IgG3, median IgG2 levels are significantly lower in those with IgG < 7.00 g/L than those with IgG ≥ 7.00 g/L.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; IgG Deficiency; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin Isotypes; Male; Middle Aged; Seroepidemiologic Studies; United States
PubMed: 34372773
DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00447-3