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Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2022Initially, it was reported that coronavirus 2019 disease (Covid-19) affects respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological systems, but the oral, olfactory and... (Review)
Review
Initially, it was reported that coronavirus 2019 disease (Covid-19) affects respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological systems, but the oral, olfactory and integumentary systems are also involved. This review discusses various oral manifestations of Covid-19 reported in the literature along with possible underlying mechanisms. The reported manifestations include taste impairment, oral mucosal changes (petechiae, ulcers, plaque-like lesions, reactivation of herpes simplex virus 1(HSV1), geographical tongue and desquamative gingivitis) and dry mouth. The prominent location for mucosal lesions are tongue, palate and labial mucosa. The exact pathogenesis of these oral symptoms is not known. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptors are expressed in abundance on oral mucosa allowing severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to infect them. Gustatory impairment along with olfactory changes is now listed as a symptom of Covid-19 by the World Health Organization, but further research is needed to confirm a link between reported additional oral symptoms and Covid-19. Dental professionals may encounter individuals with Covid-19 and be called upon to identify various oral manifestations of this disease.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Dysgeusia; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; SARS-CoV-2; Taste Disorders; Xerostomia
PubMed: 34028129
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2248 -
Journal of Neuroimmunology Jan 2022After recovering from COVID-19, a significant proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals develop Long COVID. Fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, brain fog,...
After recovering from COVID-19, a significant proportion of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals develop Long COVID. Fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, brain fog, anosmia, and ageusia/dysgeusia in Long COVID resemble "sickness behavior," the autonomic nervous system response to pro-inflammatory cytokines (Dantzer et al., 2008). Aberrant network adaptation to sympathetic/parasympathetic imbalance is expected to produce long-standing dysautonomia. Cervical sympathetic chain activity can be blocked with local anesthetic, allowing the regional autonomic nervous system to "reboot." In this case series, we successfully treated two Long COVID patients using stellate ganglion block, implicating dysautonomia in the pathophysiology of Long COVID and suggesting a novel treatment.
Topics: Adult; Autonomic Nerve Block; COVID-19; Female; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Stellate Ganglion; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
PubMed: 34922127
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577784 -
Journal of Indian Society of... 2022Since the advent of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection, this highly infectious virus has spread worldwide infecting millions of people. Not only it has...
Since the advent of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection, this highly infectious virus has spread worldwide infecting millions of people. Not only it has affected the pulmonary function of the body, leading to difficulty in breathing, but at the same time, an array of other systemic infections which may or may not be directly due to coronavirus infection, due to an absent established relationship. The mucocutaneous manifestations seen in COVID-19 infection include depapillation of the tongue, lesions seen on alveolar mucosa, gingiva, buccal mucosa, dysgeusia, and dry mouth. This case report highlights the effect of COVID-19 on the tongue also known as COVID tongue seen as depapillation of the tongue surface. Due to the absence of long-term studies and time-limited research, a direct relationship between COVID-19 and the systemic manifestation is not yet established. More research has to be done in this direction, to chart out the exact etiology of these systemic infections.
PubMed: 36339385
DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_437_21 -
European Archives of... Feb 2023Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 which was detected in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of September... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 which was detected in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of September 2022, there have been over 612 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 with over 6.5 million associated deaths. In many cases, anosmia and dysgeusia have been identified as primary symptoms of COVID-19 infection in patients. While the loss of smell (anosmia) and loss of taste (dysgeusia) due to COVID-19 infection is transient in most patients, many report that these symptoms persist following recovery. Understanding the pathogenesis of these symptoms is paramount to early treatment of the infection. We conducted a literature review of Google Scholar and PubMed to find and analyze studies discussing anosmia and dysgeusia in the context of COVID-19 to understand the progression and management of these symptoms. The mechanism for dysgeusia is largely unknown; however, pathogenesis of anosmia includes inflammation and cytokine release resulting from the infection that alters neuronal signaling, thus inducing the loss of smell that patients experience. Anosmia may be managed and potentially resolved sooner with a combination therapy of olfactory training and budesonide irrigation of the nasal cavity. It is important to note that the variants of SARS-CoV-2 are genetically distinguished from the original virion due to a mutation in their spike proteins, giving them a different symptom profile regarding anosmia and dysgeusia. This variability in symptomatology is an area of study that needs to be further explored.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Dysgeusia; Anosmia; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Olfaction Disorders
PubMed: 36209486
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07689-w -
Reviews in the Neurosciences Apr 2021Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan city, China in December 2019 and rapidly... (Review)
Review
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan city, China in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other countries. The most common reported symptoms are fever, dry cough, myalgia and fatigue, headache, anorexia, and breathlessness. Anosmia and dysgeusia as well as gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea and diarrhea are other notable symptoms. This virus also can exhibit neurotropic properties and may also cause neurological diseases, including epileptic seizures, cerebrovascular accident, Guillian barre syndrome, acute transverse myelitis, and acute encephalitis. In this study, we discuss stroke as a complication of the new coronavirus and its possible mechanisms of damage.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Blood Viscosity; COVID-19; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Hypoxia; Myocarditis; Renin-Angiotensin System; Risk; SARS-CoV-2; Stroke; Thrombophilia
PubMed: 33580645
DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0066 -
Reumatologia 2019Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and a range of extra-glandular features. The most... (Review)
Review
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands and a range of extra-glandular features. The most common and earliest symptoms are oral and ocular dryness. The aim of this study is to present the most common otolaryngological manifestations of SS, their pathomechanism and possible aetiology. The most common oral signs and symptoms are xerostomia, tooth decay, fungal infections, traumatic oral lesions, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and inflammation of the salivary glands. The salivary glands of SS patients are characterised by chronic inflammation. The presence of foci is thus a hallmark of SS. A biopsy can be taken from either the labial or the parotid salivary gland. The most significant complication of SS is the development of lymphoproliferative malignancy, which occurs in about 5% of SS patients. The ultrasonic greyscale scoring system, glandular volume measurement, and intraglandular power Doppler ultrasonography are specific ultrasound parameters of SS.
PubMed: 30858629
DOI: 10.5114/reum.2019.83237 -
Journal of the American Dental... Mar 2022Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus.
TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED
The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes.
RESULTS
The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection.
CONCLUSIONS
Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.
Topics: COVID-19; Dysgeusia; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Smell
PubMed: 34799014
DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.08.009 -
Brain and Behavior Nov 2020Olfactory and taste dysfunction (OTD) is a potential neurological manifestation of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of symptoms... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Olfactory and taste dysfunction (OTD) is a potential neurological manifestation of coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia for COVID-19.
METHODS
A comprehensive electronic search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar from 1 June 2020 to 12 June 2020. All studies reporting symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19-positive patients were included. A total of 23 studies were included in the systematic review.
RESULTS
Symptoms of anosmia and dysgeusia were frequently reported by COVID-19-positive patients. Symptoms were more common in females and in younger patients. There was no direct association between the severity of COVID-19 and the presence of symptoms. However, some evidence was found for a longer duration of these symptoms and increased severity of COVID-19 infection in young patients.
CONCLUSION
OTD is commonly reported by COVID-19 patients. Due to limited literature on the association between OTD and COVID-19, it is currently not possible to conclude that these symptoms alone can be used to diagnose COVID-19. However, the presence of OTD can potentially be used as a screening tool for COVID-19 especially in young and female patients. Further research is required to establish the true diagnostic value of these symptoms and efficacy as screening tools for COVID-19 patients.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Dysgeusia; Female; Humans; Olfaction Disorders; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32935915
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1839