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Brain : a Journal of Neurology Dec 2011Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that disrupt the open reading frame and prevent the full translation of its protein product,...
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that disrupt the open reading frame and prevent the full translation of its protein product, dystrophin. Restoration of the open reading frame and dystrophin production can be achieved by exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides targeted to splicing elements. This approach aims to transform the Duchenne muscular dystrophy phenotype to that of the milder disorder, Becker muscular dystrophy, typically caused by in-frame dystrophin deletions that allow the production of an internally deleted but partially functional dystrophin. There is ongoing debate regarding the functional properties of the different internally deleted dystrophins produced by exon skipping for different mutations; more insight would be valuable to improve and better predict the outcome of exon skipping clinical trials. To this end, we have characterized the clinical phenotype of 17 patients with Becker muscular dystrophy harbouring in-frame deletions relevant to on-going or planned exon skipping clinical trials for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and correlated it to the levels of dystrophin, and dystrophin-associated protein expression. The cohort of 17 patients, selected exclusively on the basis of their genotype, included 4 asymptomatic, 12 mild and 1 severe patient. All patients had dystrophin levels of >40% of control and significantly higher dystrophin (P = 0.013), β-dystroglycan (P = 0.025) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.034) expression was observed in asymptomatic individuals versus symptomatic patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. Furthermore, grouping the patients by deletion, patients with Becker muscular dystrophy with deletions with an end-point of exon 51 (the skipping of which could rescue the largest group of Duchenne muscular dystrophy deletions) showed significantly higher dystrophin levels (P = 0.034) than those with deletions ending with exon 53. This is the first quantitative study on both dystrophin and dystrophin-associated protein expression in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy with deletions relevant for on-going exon skipping trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Taken together, our results indicate that all varieties of internally deleted dystrophin assessed in this study have the functional capability to provide a substantial clinical benefit to patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Cohort Studies; Dystrophin; Exons; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Open Reading Frames; Phenotype; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 22102647
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr291 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2017Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a lack of dystrophin expression in patient muscle fibres. Current DMD gene therapy strategies rely on the expression of...
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a lack of dystrophin expression in patient muscle fibres. Current DMD gene therapy strategies rely on the expression of internally deleted forms of dystrophin, missing important functional domains. Viral gene transfer of full-length dystrophin could restore wild-type functionality, although this approach is restricted by the limited capacity of recombinant viral vectors. Lentiviral vectors can package larger transgenes than adeno-associated viruses, yet lentiviral vectors remain largely unexplored for full-length dystrophin delivery. In our work, we have demonstrated that lentiviral vectors can package and deliver inserts of a similar size to dystrophin. We report a novel approach for delivering large transgenes in lentiviruses, in which we demonstrate proof-of-concept for a 'template-switching' lentiviral vector that harnesses recombination events during reverse-transcription. During this work, we discovered that a standard, unmodified lentiviral vector was efficient in delivering full-length dystrophin to target cells, within a total genomic load of more than 15,000 base pairs. We have demonstrated gene therapy with this vector by restoring dystrophin expression in DMD myoblasts, where dystrophin was expressed at the sarcolemma of myotubes after myogenic differentiation. Ultimately, our work demonstrates proof-of-concept that lentiviruses can be used for permanent full-length dystrophin gene therapy, which presents a significant advancement in developing an effective treatment for DMD.
Topics: Cell Line; Child, Preschool; Dystrophin; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Lentivirus; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Myoblasts; Templates, Genetic; Transduction, Genetic; Transgenes
PubMed: 28303972
DOI: 10.1038/srep44775 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2014Dystrophin and utrophin are highly similar proteins that both link cortical actin filaments with a complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins, yet localize to different... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Dystrophin and utrophin are highly similar proteins that both link cortical actin filaments with a complex of sarcolemmal glycoproteins, yet localize to different subcellular domains within normal muscle cells. In mdx mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients, dystrophin is lacking and utrophin is consequently up-regulated and redistributed to locations normally occupied by dystrophin. Transgenic overexpression of utrophin has been shown to significantly improve aspects of the disease phenotype in the mdx mouse; therefore, utrophin up-regulation is under intense investigation as a potential therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here we biochemically compared the previously documented microtubule binding activity of dystrophin with utrophin and analyzed several transgenic mouse models to identify phenotypes of the mdx mouse that remain despite transgenic utrophin overexpression. Our in vitro analyses revealed that dystrophin binds microtubules with high affinity and pauses microtubule polymerization, whereas utrophin has no activity in either assay. We also found that transgenic utrophin overexpression does not correct subsarcolemmal microtubule lattice disorganization, loss of torque production after in vivo eccentric contractions, or physical inactivity after mild exercise. Finally, our data suggest that exercise-induced inactivity correlates with loss of sarcolemmal neuronal NOS localization in mdx muscle, whereas loss of in vivo torque production after eccentric contraction-induced injury is associated with microtubule lattice disorganization.
Topics: Animals; Dystrophin; Fluorescence; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microtubules; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Torque; Utrophin
PubMed: 24706788
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323842111 -
Annals of Neurology Nov 2022Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exon 45-55 deletion (del45-55) has been postulated as a model that could treat up to 60% of DMD patients, but the associated clinical...
OBJECTIVE
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exon 45-55 deletion (del45-55) has been postulated as a model that could treat up to 60% of DMD patients, but the associated clinical variability and complications require clarification. We aimed to understand the phenotypes and potential modifying factors of this dystrophinopathy subset.
METHODS
This cross-sectional, multicenter cohort study applied clinical and functional evaluation. Next generation sequencing was employed to identify intronic breakpoints and their impact on the Dp140 promotor, intronic long noncoding RNA, and regulatory splicing sequences. DMD modifiers (SPP1, LTBP4, ACTN3) and concomitant mutations were also assessed. Haplotypes were built using DMD single nucleotide polymorphisms. Dystrophin expression was evaluated via immunostaining, Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and droplet digital PCR in 9 muscle biopsies.
RESULTS
The series comprised 57 subjects (23 index) expressing Becker phenotype (28%), isolated cardiopathy (19%), and asymptomatic features (53%). Cognitive impairment occurred in 90% of children. Patients were classified according to 10 distinct index-case breakpoints; 4 of them were recurrent due to founder events. A specific breakpoint (D5) was associated with severity, but no significant effect was appreciated due to the changes in intronic sequences. All biopsies showed dystrophin expression of >67% and traces of alternative del45-57 transcript that were not deemed pathogenically relevant. Only the LTBP4 haplotype appeared associated the presence of cardiopathy among the explored extragenic factors.
INTERPRETATION
We confirmed that del45-55 segregates a high proportion of benign phenotypes, severe cases, and isolated cardiac and cognitive presentations. Although some influence of the intronic breakpoint position and the LTBP4 modifier may exist, the pathomechanisms responsible for the phenotypic variability remain largely unresolved. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:793-806.
Topics: Humans; Dystrophin; Cohort Studies; RNA, Long Noncoding; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exons; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Phenotype; Actinin
PubMed: 35897138
DOI: 10.1002/ana.26461 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscles, leading to... (Review)
Review
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscles, leading to disability and, often, premature death. To date, no effective therapies are available to halt or reverse the pathogenic process, and meaningful treatments are urgently needed. From this perspective, it is particularly important to establish reliable in vitro models of human muscle that allow the recapitulation of disease features as well as the screening of genetic and pharmacological therapies. We herein review and discuss advances in the development of in vitro muscle models obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells, which appear to be capable of reproducing the lack of myofiber proteins as well as other specific pathological hallmarks, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and reduced muscle regenerative potential. In addition, these platforms have been used to assess genetic correction strategies such as gene silencing, gene transfer and genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), as well as to evaluate novel small molecules aimed at ameliorating muscle degeneration. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges related to in vitro drug testing and provide a critical view of potential therapeutic developments to foster the future clinical translation of preclinical muscular dystrophy studies.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Drug Discovery; Dystrophin; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Muscle Cells; Muscular Dystrophies; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
PubMed: 34502539
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179630 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023The gene is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a grave X-linked recessive ailment that results in respiratory and cardiac failure. As the expression of...
The gene is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a grave X-linked recessive ailment that results in respiratory and cardiac failure. As the expression of in muscle stem cells (MuSCs) is a topic of debate, there exists a limited understanding of its influence on the gene network of MuSCs. This study was conducted with the objective of investigating the effects of on the regulatory network of genes in MuSCs. To comprehend the function of in MuSCs from DMD, this investigation employed single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to appraise the transcriptomic profile of MuSCs obtained from the skeletal muscles of mutant mice () and wild-type control mice. The study revealed that the mutation caused the disruption of several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), leading to the inhibition of MEG3 and NEAT1 and the upregulation of GM48099, GM19951, and GM15564. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of biological processes (BP) indicated that the mutation activated the cell adhesion pathway in MuSCs, inhibited the circulatory system process, and affected the regulation of binding. The study also revealed that the metabolic pathway activity of MuSCs was altered. The metabolic activities of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis were elevated in MuSCs from . In summary, this research offers novel insights into the disrupted gene regulatory program in MuSCs due to mutation at the single-cell level.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Dystrophin; Gene Regulatory Networks; Muscle, Skeletal; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 37569835
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512463 -
Revista de NeurologiaAdvances in molecular genetics on lasts 15 years had modified profoundly our knowledge about muscular dystrophies. The pathogenia, caused by defectives proteins which... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Advances in molecular genetics on lasts 15 years had modified profoundly our knowledge about muscular dystrophies. The pathogenia, caused by defectives proteins which disrupt dystrophin-associated-protein complex in most of the dystrophies, has generate a new classification based in protein and genomic defects.
DEVELOPMENT
In this review, clinical, genetic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the main muscular dystrophies are described. Limb girdle muscular dystrophies with Duchenne-like phenotype (sarcoglycanopathies), are identified by immunohistochemistry, as X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (emerin deficit), and classical congenital muscular dystrophy (merosine depletion). The others limb girdle muscular dystrophies, an heterogeneous phenotypical group, are detected by Western blot (mainly calpainopathies), or inmunohistochemistry in muscle (caveolinopathies) and blood (dysferlinopathies). Congenital muscular dystrophies with brain malformations: Fukuyama, muscle-eye-brain, and Walker-Warburg syndrome; and fukutin-related protein dystrophy, only may be differentiated by genetic analysis. All them shows alpha-dystroglican depletion. Autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy are exclusively identified by DNA study. Finally, Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophies are diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and/or DNA analysis. Treatment of muscular dystrophies is based in physiotherapy, ventilatory support, surgery and drugs (mainly steroids, effective in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophies).
CONCLUSION
Genic and cellular therapy are yet on experimental field, and are matter of the future. Now, accurate diagnosis is important for therapeutic management, prognosis and genetic counseling.
Topics: Dystrophin; Genetic Counseling; Humans; Molecular Biology; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Dystrophies; Prognosis
PubMed: 15543503
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2001The most common form of muscular dystrophy in dogs and humans is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome, and,...
The most common form of muscular dystrophy in dogs and humans is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome, and, therefore, disease-causing mutations in dystrophin occur most often in males. Therefore, females with dystrophin deficiency or other forms of muscular dystrophy may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze dystrophin and a number of other muscle proteins associated with muscular dystrophy in humans, including sarcoglycans and laminin alpha2, in muscle biopsy specimens from 5 female dogs with pathologic changes consistent with muscular dystrophy. The female dogs were presented with a variety of clinical signs including generalized weakness, muscle wasting, tremors, exercise intolerance, gait abnormalities, and limb deformity. Serum creatine kinase activity was variably high. One dog had no detectable dystrophin in the muscle; another was mosaic, with some fibers normal and others partly dystrophin-deficient. A 3rd dog had normal dystrophin but no detectable laminin alpha2. Two dogs could not be classified. This study demonstrates the occurrence of dystrophin- and laminin alpha2-associated muscular dystrophy and the difficulty in clinical diagnosis of these disorders in female dogs.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Creatine Kinase; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dystrophin; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Laminin; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
PubMed: 11380033
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0240:mdifd>2.3.co;2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Sarcospan (SSPN) is a 25-kDa transmembrane protein that is broadly expressed at the cell surface of many tissues, including, but not limited to, the myofibers from...
Sarcospan (SSPN) is a 25-kDa transmembrane protein that is broadly expressed at the cell surface of many tissues, including, but not limited to, the myofibers from skeletal and smooth muscles, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, kidney epithelial cells, and neurons. SSPN is a core component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) that links the intracellular actin cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix. It is also associated with integrin α7β1, the predominant integrin expressed in skeletal muscle. As a tetraspanin-like protein with four transmembrane spanning domains, SSPN functions as a scaffold to facilitate protein-protein interactions at the cell membrane. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, and X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy are caused by the loss of dystrophin at the muscle cell surface and a concomitant loss of the entire DGC, including SSPN. SSPN overexpression ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the murine model, which supports SSPN being a viable therapeutic target. Other rescue studies support SSPN as a biomarker for the proper assembly and membrane expression of the DGC. Highly specific and robust antibodies to SSPN are needed for basic research on the molecular mechanisms of SSPN rescue, pre-clinical studies, and biomarker evaluations in human samples. The development of SSPN antibodies is challenged by the presence of its four transmembrane domains and limited antigenic epitopes. To address the significant barrier presented by limited commercially available antibodies, we aimed to generate a panel of robust SSPN-specific antibodies that can serve as a resource for the research community. We created antibodies to three SSPN protein epitopes, including the intracellular N- and C-termini as well as the large extracellular loop (LEL) between transmembrane domains 3 and 4. We developed a panel of rabbit antibodies (poly- and monoclonal) against an N-terminal peptide fragment of SSPN. We used several assays to show that the rabbit antibodies recognize mouse SSPN with a high functional affinity and specificity. We developed mouse monoclonal antibodies against the C-terminal peptide and the large extracellular loop of human SSPN. These antibodies are superior to commercially available antibodies and outperform them in various applications, including immunoblotting, indirect immunofluorescence analysis, immunoprecipitation, and an ELISA. These newly developed antibodies will significantly improve the quality and ease of SSPN detection for basic and translational research.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Dystrophin; Integrins; Membrane Proteins; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 38892308
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116121 -
Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the... Feb 2012We previously conducted a proof of principle; dose escalation study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients using the morpholino splice-switching oligonucleotide...
We previously conducted a proof of principle; dose escalation study in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients using the morpholino splice-switching oligonucleotide AVI-4658 (eteplirsen) that induces skipping of dystrophin exon 51 in patients with relevant deletions, restores the open reading frame and induces dystrophin protein expression after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. We now show that this dystrophin expression was accompanied by an elevated expression of α-sarcoglycan, β-dystroglycan (BDG) and--in relevant cases--neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) at the sarcolemma, each of which is a component of a different subcomplex of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DAPC). As expected, nNOS expression was relocalized to the sarcolemma in Duchenne patients in whom the dystrophin deletion left the nNOS-binding domain (exons 42-45) intact, whereas this did not occur in patients with deletions that involved this domain. Our results indicate that the novel internally deleted and shorter dystrophin induced by skipping exon 51 in patients with amenable deletions, can also restore the dystrophin-associated complex, further suggesting preserved functionality of the newly translated dystrophin.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Dystrophin; Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex; Genetic Therapy; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Morpholinos; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne; Oligonucleotides
PubMed: 22086232
DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.248