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Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) Dec 2023Imaging of the temporal bone and middle ear is challenging for radiologists due to the abundance of distinct anatomical structures and the plethora of possible... (Review)
Review
Imaging of the temporal bone and middle ear is challenging for radiologists due to the abundance of distinct anatomical structures and the plethora of possible pathologies. The basis for a precise diagnosis is knowledge of the underlying anatomy as well as the clinical presentation and the individual patient's otological status. In this article, we aimed to summarize the most common inflammatory lesions of the temporal bone and middle ear, describe their specific imaging characteristics, and highlight their differential diagnoses. First, we introduce anatomical and imaging fundamentals. Additionally, a point-to-point comparison of the radiological and histological features of the wide spectrum of inflammatory diseases of the temporal bone and middle ear in context with a review of the current literature and current trends is given.
Topics: Humans; Ear Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ear, Middle; Temporal Bone
PubMed: 38133074
DOI: 10.3390/tomography9060170 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Jun 2023Patients with patulous Eustachian tubes(PET) usually suffer from annoying symptoms, such as tinnitus, autophony and aural fullness, due to the excessive opening of the... (Review)
Review
Patients with patulous Eustachian tubes(PET) usually suffer from annoying symptoms, such as tinnitus, autophony and aural fullness, due to the excessive opening of the Eustachian tube. There is no uniform standard of treatment, and conservative therapy combined with"Stepup"surgical intervention strategy is the main treatment. In this article, we reviewed various surgical treatments of patulous Eustachian tube in recent years, including key points of surgical operation, effectiveness, safety and complications. Full communication and evaluation are needed to establish appropriate patients' expectations preoperatively. A "Stepup" treatment strategy will be carried out, including conservative treatment, tympanic membrane surgery, Eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice constriction surgery, Eustachian tube tympanic orifice plug surgery and Eustachian tube muscle surgery, which aims to maintain normal Eustachian tube function and good middle ear ventilation.
Topics: Humans; Eustachian Tube; Ear Diseases; Ear, Middle; Tympanic Membrane; Tinnitus; Otitis Media
PubMed: 37253528
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2023.06.018 -
The British Journal of Radiology Dec 2012We review the appearance of scleroma in the head and neck on imaging. Scleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the nasal cavity, but the... (Review)
Review
We review the appearance of scleroma in the head and neck on imaging. Scleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the nasal cavity, but the pharynx and larynx may also be involved. On imaging, nasal scleroma appears as bilateral or unilateral expanded homogeneous nasal masses that may exhibit hyperintense signal on T(1) weighted images. Pharyngeal scleroma commonly narrows the pharyngeal lumen and may involve the soft and hard palate. Imaging is essential to detect the extent of subglottic stenosis in patients with laryngeal scleroma. Rarely, scleroma may involve the orbit or the middle ear. Imaging is essential for the early diagnosis of scleroma and for differentiating it from other granulomatous and neoplastic lesions. Also, imaging is important for treatment planning and follow-up of patients after therapy.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear Diseases; Ear, Middle; Early Diagnosis; Head; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Lymphatic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Neck; Nose Diseases; Orbital Diseases; Pharyngeal Diseases; Rhinoscleroma; Skull Base
PubMed: 22898154
DOI: 10.1259/bjr/15189057 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2018Cogan's syndrome (CS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by audiovestibular dysfunction and ocular inflammation. Currently, there is no specific serum... (Review)
Review
Cogan's syndrome (CS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by audiovestibular dysfunction and ocular inflammation. Currently, there is no specific serum autoantibody used in the diagnostic workup of CS. Treatment is based on immunosuppressive agents, mainly corticosteroids as first-line choice. Recently, novel therapeutic modalities in CS have emerged. These include tumor necrosis factor- inhibitors and other biologicals. Despite medical treatment, hearing loss may progress to irreversible bilateral profound SNHL in approximately half of CS patients resulting in candidacy for cochlear implantation (CI). Due to the inflammatory nature of the disease that is causing endosteal reaction with partial obliteration or complete neoossification of the intracochlear ducts, early CI is recommended. CI provides excellent and stable hearing rehabilitation with high score of word and sentence recognition. In this review, we will discuss different aspects of CS including clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and future directives.
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Biological Products; Biomarkers; Cochlear Implantation; Cogan Syndrome; Ear, Inner; Hearing Loss; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Labyrinth Diseases; Recovery of Function; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vestibule, Labyrinth
PubMed: 29850616
DOI: 10.1155/2018/1498640 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Jun 2019
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Ear Diseases; Strigiformes; Xanthomatosis
PubMed: 31149872
DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.12.1407 -
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Dec 2021The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx. It's physiological functions include ventilating and balancing the pressure inside and outside the... (Review)
Review
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx. It's physiological functions include ventilating and balancing the pressure inside and outside the middle ear, drainage of the middle ear secretions, prevention of retrograde infection, sound suppression and noise suppression. Eustachian tube dysfunction is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. It's etiologyand influencing factors are still unclear. This article reviews the recent research on etiology and related factors of Eustachian tube dysfunction,and strives to make breakthroughs in etiology and mechanism, so as to provide help for clinical intervention.
Topics: Ear Diseases; Ear, Middle; Eustachian Tube; Humans; Nasopharynx; Otitis Media; Otitis Media with Effusion
PubMed: 34886633
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.12.018 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2021Autoimmune and autoinflammatory inner ear diseases (AIED/AID) are characterized by the symptom of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). To date, standardized diagnostic...
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory inner ear diseases (AIED/AID) are characterized by the symptom of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). To date, standardized diagnostic tools for AIED/AID are lacking, and clinically differentiating AIED/AID from chronic otitis media (COM) with SNHL is challenging. This retrospective study aimed to construct a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based decision tree using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to distinguish AIED/AID from COM. In total, 67 patients were enrolled between January 2004 and October 2019, comprising AIED/AID (n = 18), COM (n = 24), and control groups (n = 25). All patients underwent 3 T temporal bone MRI, including post-contrast T1-weighted images (postT1WI) and post-contrast FLAIR images (postFLAIR). Two radiologists evaluated the presence of otomastoid effusion and inner ear contrast-enhancement on MRI. A CART decision tree model was constructed using MRI features to differentiate AIED/AID from COM and control groups, and diagnostic performance was analyzed. High-intensity bilateral effusion (61.1%) and inner ear enhancement (postFLAIR, 93.8%; postT1WI, 61.1%) were the most common findings in the AIED/AID group. We constructed two CART decision tree models; the first used effusion amount as the first partitioning node and postT1WI-inner ear enhancement as the second node, whereas the second comprised two partitioning nodes with the degree of postFLAIR-enhancement of the inner ear. The first and second models enabled distinction of AIED/AID from COM with high specificity (100% and 94.3%, respectively). The amount of effusion and the degree of inner ear enhancement on MRI may facilitate the distinction between AIED/AID and COM with SNHL using decision tree models, thereby contributing to early diagnosis and intervention.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Decision Trees; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear, Inner; Female; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Retrospective Studies; Temporal Bone
PubMed: 34580346
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98557-w -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Mar 2004Gap junctions provide coupled cells with a direct pathway for sharing ions, nutrients, and small metabolites, thus helping to maintain homeostasis in various tissues.... (Review)
Review
Gap junctions provide coupled cells with a direct pathway for sharing ions, nutrients, and small metabolites, thus helping to maintain homeostasis in various tissues. Abnormal function and/or expression of specific connexin genes has been linked to several diseases, including genetic deafness, skin disease, peripheral neuropathies, and cataracts. Research has provided significant insight into the function of gap junction proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models; however, questions regarding the exact mechanisms by which connexin related diseases occur in mammalian systems remain. Here, we discuss the disease states that are related to three human connexin genes, Cx26 (GJB2), Cx46 (GJA3) and Cx50 (GJA8), and recent scientific evidence characterizing those diseases in various experimental models.
Topics: Connexin 26; Connexins; Deafness; Ear Diseases; Eye Diseases; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Phylogeny; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 15033586
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.10.017 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2021Otitis media (OM) or middle ear disease is a prevalent pediatric condition generally related to early growth of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube (CET). This study used...
Otitis media (OM) or middle ear disease is a prevalent pediatric condition generally related to early growth of the cartilaginous Eustachian tube (CET). This study used a developmental series of dry crania to reconstruct CET and dilator tubae (DT, the muscle opening the CET) morphology. Timing and directionality of CET and upper respiratory tract (URT) growth were investigated. Traditional and 3D geometric morphometrics (GM) were used to assess bony landmarks on the crania. The series was divided using dental eruption into seven growth stages ranging from before eruption of deciduous dentition (approximately the first 6 postnatal months) to eruption of the first permanent maxillary molar (after approximately 6 years). Bony endpoints of the CET and DT were used to calculate their morphology. GM analysis showed substantial shape differences between newborns, early infants, and all later developmental stages. Univariate measures showed the largest growth change between birth and 6 months. Subsequently, CET morphology changed little in the latter half of year 1, instead maturing gradually until approximately 3 years whereas DT relative length and orientation finish growth by the end of year 1. Incongruence in slower CET growth and faster DT growth could impact CET function between 6 and 12 months and be a contributing factor of OM. Tubal aeration may improve after this time when both CET and DT morphology mature, coinciding with clinically reported drop-off in ear infections.
Topics: Ear Diseases; Eustachian Tube; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Larynx; Nose; Otitis Media; Respiratory System
PubMed: 33586870
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24600 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Apr 2007Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by mucocutaneous intraepithelial blisters and pathogenic autoantibodies against desmoglein 3. There are... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by mucocutaneous intraepithelial blisters and pathogenic autoantibodies against desmoglein 3. There are two clinical forms: mucosal (MPV) and mucocutaneous (MCPV). The frequency of ear, nose and throat (ENT) involvement in PV is not clearly defined. Only a few isolated individual cases have been reported.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of our study was to determine the incidence of ENT involvement in patients with PV.
PATIENTS
We studied prospectively all 16 patients diagnosed with PV and treated in the Department of Dermatology of the University Clinic of Navarra between 2001 and 2005. They were 10 cases of MPV and six cases of MCPV. All patients were evaluated for ENT manifestations by endoscopic examination.
RESULTS
Of the 16 patients, 13 presented with throat symptoms (81%), 12 pharyngeal (75%) and seven laryngeal symptoms (44%). Fourteen patients (88%) had active PV lesions on endoscopic evaluation (eight patients had active lesions on both pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa, four had PV lesions only on laryngeal mucosa and two had PV lesions on pharyngeal mucosa). Laryngeal lesions were most commonly present in MPV patients. The frequency of nasal symptoms (38%) was lower than active PV lesions (62%) found on ENT examination. Oral symptoms and oral active PV lesions were the most frequent findings (94%). Only three patients with MCPV showed erosions on the external auditory canal.
CONCLUSIONS
As ENT endoscopy allows more extensive areas of mucosa to be examined than simple visual inspection, we recommend that it be included in the examination of all patients with PV. By obtaining more complete information concerning the extent of the disease, a more accurate diagnosis can be made, better choice of drug and dose may be decided and, ultimately, response to treatment may be improved.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Ear Diseases; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Nose Diseases; Pemphigus; Pharyngeal Diseases
PubMed: 17493073
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07783.x