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Internal Medicine Journal Jan 2020This article presents current diagnostic conceptualisations of eating disorders, including new disorders such as binge eating disorder (BED) and avoidant/restrictive...
This article presents current diagnostic conceptualisations of eating disorders, including new disorders such as binge eating disorder (BED) and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). This is followed by contemporary findings in the epidemiology of eating disorders, their broad sociodemographic distribution and the increases in community prevalence. Advances and the current status of evidence-based treatment and outcomes for the main eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and BED are discussed with focus on first-line psychological therapies. Deficits in knowledge and directions for further research are highlighted, particularly with regard to treatments for BED and ARFID, how to improve treatment engagement and the management of osteopenia.
Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; Binge-Eating Disorder; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bulimia Nervosa; Drug Therapy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Prevalence; Psychotherapy; Refeeding Syndrome
PubMed: 31943622
DOI: 10.1111/imj.14691 -
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric... Oct 2019Eating disorders are severe psychiatric illnesses with a typical age of onset in adolescence. Brain research in youth and young adults may help us identify specific... (Review)
Review
Eating disorders are severe psychiatric illnesses with a typical age of onset in adolescence. Brain research in youth and young adults may help us identify specific neurobiology that contributes to onset and maintenance of those disorders. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of our current understanding of the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. This includes brain structure and function studies to understand food restriction, binge-eating or purging behaviors, cognitive and emotional factors, as well as interoception. Binge-eating disorder and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder are also discussed, but the literature is still very small.
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Brain; Bulimia Nervosa; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Net; Neurobiology; Young Adult
PubMed: 31443880
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.007 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Aug 2012Eating disorders are relatively rare among the general population. This review discusses the literature on the incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of eating... (Review)
Review
Eating disorders are relatively rare among the general population. This review discusses the literature on the incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of eating disorders. We searched online Medline/Pubmed, Embase and PsycINFO databases for articles published in English using several keyterms relating to eating disorders and epidemiology. Anorexia nervosa is relatively common among young women. While the overall incidence rate remained stable over the past decades, there has been an increase in the high risk-group of 15-19 year old girls. It is unclear whether this reflects earlier detection of anorexia nervosa cases or an earlier age at onset. The occurrence of bulimia nervosa might have decreased since the early nineties of the last century. All eating disorders have an elevated mortality risk; anorexia nervosa the most striking. Compared with the other eating disorders, binge eating disorder is more common among males and older individuals.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 22644309
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023Eating disorders are complex diseases with multifactorial causes. According to the and the , the major types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia... (Review)
Review
Eating disorders are complex diseases with multifactorial causes. According to the and the , the major types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The prevalence of eating disorders is alarmingly increasing globally. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to more development and worsening of eating disorders. Patients with eating disorders exhibit high rates of psychiatric comorbidities and medical comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. This paper aims to review and discuss the comorbidities of eating disorders with those metabolic diseases. Eating disorder treatment typically includes a combination of some or all approaches such as psychotherapy, nutrition education, and medications. Early detection and intervention are important for the treatment of eating disorders.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; COVID-19; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Bulimia Nervosa; Metabolic Diseases; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
PubMed: 36767812
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032446 -
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Sep 2010Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the leading evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa. A new "enhanced" version of the treatment appears to be more potent and... (Review)
Review
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the leading evidence-based treatment for bulimia nervosa. A new "enhanced" version of the treatment appears to be more potent and has the added advantage of being suitable for all eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified. This article reviews the evidence supporting CBT in the treatment of eating disorders and provides an account of the "transdiagnostic" theory that underpins the enhanced form of the treatment. It ends with an outline of the treatment's main strategies and procedures.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Models, Psychological; Patient Participation; Self Concept
PubMed: 20599136
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.004 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Jul 2022Identifying medications that may be used as therapeutic agents for eating disorders is a longstanding focus of research, with varying degrees of success. The present... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Identifying medications that may be used as therapeutic agents for eating disorders is a longstanding focus of research, with varying degrees of success. The present review consolidates the most recent findings on pharmacological treatment of three eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED).
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent research suggests that olanzapine demonstrates positive effects on weight gain among outpatients with AN. There are fewer recent advances in psychopharmacological treatment for BN and BED, likely due to the relative success of prior medication trials. Olanzapine is the first medication to safely promote weight gain among individuals with AN. Fluoxetine is FDA-approved for BN treatment, and lisdexamfetamine is FDA-approved for BED treatment. BN and BED also generally respond well to SSRIs prescribed off-label. Research on psychopharmacological treatments for other eating disorders, such as avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder and other specified feeding and eating disorders, are sorely needed.
Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Bulimia Nervosa; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Olanzapine; Weight Gain
PubMed: 35576089
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01340-5 -
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric... Oct 2019Eating disorders are serious psychiatric disorders, associated with significant psychiatric and medical consequences. Although traditionally considered a female... (Review)
Review
Eating disorders are serious psychiatric disorders, associated with significant psychiatric and medical consequences. Although traditionally considered a female disorder, more recent evidence has determined that EDs among males are not uncommon and are equally severe in symptom presentation. Among youth and adolescent males, certain factors increase the risk for ED, including muscularity-focused body image concerns and sexual orientation. Future study of these and other factors that may increase the risk for or maintain EDs among adolescent males is critical to improving screening, assessment, and precision treatment efforts.
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Body Image; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Global Health; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 31443881
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.05.012 -
The International Journal of Eating... Jan 2023A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with eating disorders (EDs) have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, no systematic reviews have been conducted examining the COVID-19 and ED peer-reviewed literature. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with EDs.
METHOD
Database searches of the peer-reviewed literature were completed in the subsequent databases: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO (from November 2019 to October 20, 2021). All research reporting on the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with EDs were included.
RESULTS
Fifty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, including 36,485 individuals with EDs. The pooled hospital admissions across the studies demonstrated on average a 48% (pre = 591, post = 876, n = 10 studies) increase in admissions during the pandemic compared to previous pre-pandemic timepoints. In this review, 36% of studies (n = 19) documented increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic, this increase in eating disorder symptoms were documented in AN, BED, BN, and OFSED patients. Studies also demonstrated increases in anxiety (n = 9) and depression (n = 8), however patterns of change appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific (e.g., lockdowns).
DISCUSSION
We found a large increase in the number of hospitalizations and an increase in ED symptoms, anxiety, depression, and changes to BMI in ED patients during the pandemic. However, these changes appeared to be diagnostic and timing specific. Many qualitative studies described deterioration in ED symptomatology due to decreased access to care and treatment, changes to routine and loss of structure, negative influence of the media, and social isolation. Future studies are needed to focus on pediatric populations, new ED diagnoses, and severity of illness at presentation.
PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE
The scientific literature suggests that individuals with eating disorders have experienced deteriorating symptoms, increased isolation, and an increase in hospital admissions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study synthesized 53 articles and explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with eating disorders. We found increases in eating disorder symptoms during the pandemic; this increase in eating disorder symptoms was documented in patients with common eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and other specified feeding and eating disorders. This review also demonstrated changes in body mass index (an index used to classify underweight, overweight, and obesity in adults) and increases in anxiety and depression during the pandemic compared to previous timepoints; patterns of change appeared to be related to timing of lockdowns. This review provides important information on the impact of COVID-19 on the physical and mental health of individuals with eating disorders.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Pandemics; COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Bulimia Nervosa; Anorexia Nervosa
PubMed: 35384016
DOI: 10.1002/eat.23704 -
Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Aug 2022The concept of "Food Addiction" has been based on criteria of Substance Use Disorder. Several studies suggested a relationship between food addiction and eating... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The concept of "Food Addiction" has been based on criteria of Substance Use Disorder. Several studies suggested a relationship between food addiction and eating disorders, but little is known about its extent or role. We aim at exploring if food addiction is coincident with a specific eating disorder (binge eating disorder appears the closest) or it is a separate diagnostic entity that afflicts in comorbidity with eating disorders or other conditions like obesity or even in the general population.
METHODS
This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed observational studies with a comparative estimation on rates of subjects affected by binge eating disorder and food addiction.
RESULTS
Binge eating disorder shows higher comorbidity with food addiction compared to other eating disorders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 0.64-2.76; c = 4.42; p = 0.44;I = 0%), or each eating disorder [anorexia nervosa purging type (OR = 1.93, 95% CI, 0.20-18.92; p = 0.57) and restrictive type (OR = 8.75, 95% CI, 1.08-70.70; p = 0.04)], obese patients (OR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.25-10.09; p = < 0.0001) and individuals from the general population (OR = 55.41, 95% CI, 8.16-376.10; c = 18.50; p < 0.0001; I = 0%)but has decreased prevalence when compared to bulimia nervosa (OR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.33-2.22; c = 0.35; p = 0.74; I = 0%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Our data show that the prevalence of food addiction in binge eating disorder is higher than in other eating disorders except in bulimia nervosa. Moreover, it is a separate diagnostic reality and can be detected in people without mental illness and in the general population. Food addiction might have a prognostic value, since in comorbidity, and should be addressed to boost treatment efficacy and patient's recovery.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
I: Evidence obtained systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Binge-Eating Disorder; Bulimia Nervosa; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Food Addiction; Humans; Obesity; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 35041154
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01354-7 -
Sports Health 2020Eating disorders (EDs) in male athletes are potentially debilitating disorders with significant medical, psychological, and athletic performance consequences. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Eating disorders (EDs) in male athletes are potentially debilitating disorders with significant medical, psychological, and athletic performance consequences.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
Searches were performed across PubMed, EBSCOhost, and PSYCinfo from 1990 to 2019. Keywords searched were , and . Search results included articles written in the English language and encompassed reviews, empirical studies, and theoretical articles.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 3.
RESULTS
EDs among male athletes may lead to serious negative outcomes, including increased susceptibility to injury, inconsistent performance, problematic recovery, muscle deficiencies, impairment of optimal athletic functioning, and medical, social, and emotional problems. Male athletes with EDs may be more difficult to identify and diagnose for a variety of reasons related to differential presentation of symptoms, secretiveness or shame around behaviors, and sex-related stigma.
CONCLUSION
Professionals working closely with athletes are uniquely positioned to identify and screen those who may require further evaluation and treatment.
Topics: Athletes; Athletic Performance; Feeding Behavior; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32525767
DOI: 10.1177/1941738120928991