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The European Respiratory Journal Jun 2003Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Four species are recognised and the vast majority of infestations in humans are... (Review)
Review
Echinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Four species are recognised and the vast majority of infestations in humans are caused by E. granulosus. E. granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, which has a worldwide distribution. Humans are exposed less frequently to E. multilocularis, which causes alveolar echinococcosis. E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus are rare species and cause polycystic echinococcosis. In cystic echinococcosis, humans are an accidental host and are usually infected by handling an infected dog. The liver and lungs are the most frequently involved organs. Pulmonary disease appears to be more common in younger individuals. Although most patients are asymptomatic, some may occasionally expectorate the contents of the cyst or develop symptoms related to compression of the surrounding structures. Other symptoms of hydatid disease can result from the release of antigenic material and secondary immunological reactions that develop from cyst rupture. The cysts are characteristically seen as solitary or multiple circumscribed or oval masses on imaging. Detection of antibody directed against specific echinococcal antigens is found in only approximately half of patients with pulmonary cysts. Surgical excision of the cyst is the treatment of choice whenever feasible.
Topics: Animals; Echinococcosis, Pulmonary; Echinococcus; Humans
PubMed: 12797504
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00108403 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022This review aims at identifying cestodes that are present in hunted rodent species in the neo-tropical region. The rodent species that was investigated were the capybara... (Review)
Review
This review aims at identifying cestodes that are present in hunted rodent species in the neo-tropical region. The rodent species that was investigated were the capybara (, Linnaeus, 1766), lappe (, Linnaeus, 1766), agouti (, Linnaeus, 1758), chinchilla (, Lichtenstein, 1829), Trinidad spiny rat (, Allen and Chapman, 1893), nutria (, Molina, 1782), and vizcacha (, Desmarest, 1817). These rodent species are utilized for their meats in many rural communities in the Caribbean and South America. These rodents belong to the hystricomorphic group. Daniels, 1895 was commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of and . Similarly, in the liver, muscle and subcutaneous tissue the metacestodes on Daniels, 1895 and was found in the lappe and agouti. The capybara was found to have the most species of cestodes in its gastrointestinal tract when compared to the agouti and lappe. However, metacestodes were not recorded in the tissues of the capybara. This surprising feature shows the effect of the difference in feeding habits between the capybara and the agouti and lappe. The literature reviewed in this study includes scientific publications on cestodes and metacestodes of Hystricomorphic rodents. An exhaustive search was performed using the digital repositories in Google Scholar, Scielo, Redalyc, Scopus and Pubmed. Literature searched spanned the years 1970-2021. Cestodes of zoonotic significance were and , with humans becoming infected when consuming eggs of contaminated food and water. The agouti and lappe act as intermediate host in the life cycle of and , the definitive host (canids and felids) become infected by consuming of tissue infected with metacestodes. Humans become infected through the ingestion of eggs from the definitive host where cystic lesions develop in the liver, lungs and other abdominal organs.
PubMed: 35573400
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.885678 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2008Of the four species of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda) distinguished by biological and morphological characteristics, two species, E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus, occur... (Review)
Review
Of the four species of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda) distinguished by biological and morphological characteristics, two species, E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus, occur widely in the Neotropics. Approximately 200 cases of polycystic echinococcosis (PE) have been recorded from 12 countries in South America. Following early proliferation of E. vogeli in the human host, typically in the liver, the metacestode usually spreads in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, and numerous organs may be invaded. The clinical characteristics of PE in 81 patients with sufficient information are reviewed. Type I disease consists of polycysts in the liver and abdominal cavity (37% of the patients had this characteristic); type II is similar to type I but also includes hepatic insufficiency (26%); type III consists of cysts in liver and chest (14%); type IV consists of cysts only in the mesenteries (16%); and type V consists of cysts calcified in liver and lung (4%). The percentage of patients with polycysts in the liver was 81%, and the percentage of patients with polycysts in the chest was 14%. PE is most ready diagnosed by geographic origin of the patient and by means of ultrasound or computerized tomography scanning showing cysts and calcifications. The highest mortality was for patients with type II disease, due to hepatic failure and its complications. There were five patients who died due to surgical accidents, whereas 35 cases had uncomplicated surgery. Twenty-three patients died of PE, making the total mortality 29% (23 of 78 cases). None of the 13 patients treated only with albendazole, the most efficacious treatment, was completely cured. PE represents a severe medical problem in South America. A reevaluation of the characteristics of the metacestode of E. oligarthrus indicated that it is unicystic. Only three human cases are known (two with infection in the orbit and one with infection in the heart). The metacestode of E. oligarthrus, in contrast with that of E. vogeli, consists of a spherical, fluid-filled vesicle that enlarges concentrically and is not known to undergo exogenous proliferation.
Topics: Animals; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Humans; Liver Diseases; Radiography
PubMed: 18400802
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00050-07 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2020Hydatidosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larval stages (hydatid cysts) of cestodes belonging to the genus and the family Hydatid cyst, which is the larval... (Review)
Review
Hydatidosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larval stages (hydatid cysts) of cestodes belonging to the genus and the family Hydatid cyst, which is the larval stage of is a bladder-like cyst formed in various organs and tissues following the growth of the oncospheres of an tape worm in that specific organ or tissue. The epidemiology and control of hydatidosis is often considered to be a veterinary matter since the disease can be regulated by controlling parasites in animals. However, collaboration between veterinarians and public health workers is essential for the successful control of hydotidosis. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to review The epidemiology, economic and public health importance of hydatidosis. The developmental stage of is that eggs develop to oncospheres, this oncospheres develop to hydatid cyst in the intermediate host and the hydatid cyst if consumed by final host develops to the adult . Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by the tape worm of the genus cause cystic echinococcosis (CE), cause alveolar echinoloccosis (AE), and and cause polycystic echinococcosis (PE). From these is rare but is the most virulent, and are the rarest. Hydatidosis is a zoonotic cosmopolitan parasitic disease found in almost all countries of the world. This disease causes a significant economic loss directly by causing organ or carcass condemnation and indirectly by affecting human and animal health which increase the cost for diagnosis, treatment and control of the disease. Public awareness creation about the transmission and control of the disease and its public health significance and collaboration between veterinarians and public health workers in the prevention and control of the disease is mandatory.
PubMed: 33354312
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8859116 -
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Jul 2007Hydatid disease is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. Genus Echinococcus has different species including Echinococcus vogeli, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus...
Hydatid disease is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. Genus Echinococcus has different species including Echinococcus vogeli, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilucularis. Echinococcus granulosus is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans. This disease occurs either through direct ingestion of parasite eggs from contact with infected dogs or indirectly from the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Infestation of hydatid disease in humans most commonly occurs in the liver (55-70%), followed by the lungs (18-35%). Bone hydatidosis however is very rare (3%). We present herein a case of hydatid cyst of the fibula, which is an uncommon site for the occurrence of this disease.
PubMed: 21139754
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.33692 -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2017Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) (s.l.) and Echinococcus vogeli are causative agents of chronic zoonotic diseases such as cystic and polycystic echinococcosis,...
First molecular identification of Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) G1 revealed in feces of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) from Acre, Brazil.
BACKGROUND
Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) (s.l.) and Echinococcus vogeli are causative agents of chronic zoonotic diseases such as cystic and polycystic echinococcosis, respectively. In Brazil, polycystic echinococcosis has a restricted geographical distribution in the North Region, while cystic echinococcosis is observed in the South Region. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) fed with raw viscera represent a risk factor for E. granulosus (s.l.) infection in the South Region. Although this practice is frequent, it remains unclear whether domestic dogs are infected with E. vogeli in the state of Acre, located in the Amazon basin in the North Region of Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate this gap in the polycystic echinococcosis epidemiology.
METHODS
Sixty-five fecal samples were collected from the ground in five municipalities (Sena Madureira, n = 14; Rio Branco, n = 06; Bujari, n = 06; Xapuri, n = 30; and Epitaciolândia, n = 09) located in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. The samples were screened for parasites by copro-PCR using the cox1 gene associated with automated sequencing.
RESULTS
Echinococcus vogeli was molecularly confirmed in a sample from Sena Madureira and E. granulosus (sensu stricto) (s.s.) (G1) in a sample from Rio Branco.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that molecular assays are useful in typing Echinococcus taxa from fecal samples of dogs in northern Brazil. The present study is the first molecular record of E. vogeli in domestic dogs found in the state of Acre, reinforcing their role as a source of infection for humans. Because E. granulosus (s.s.) (G1) was detected for the first time in the North Region, from the epidemiological standpoint this finding is highly relevant, because it expands the known geographical distribution, which was previously restricted to the South Region of Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Feces; Phylogeny; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28088247
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1952-0 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2019Human polycystic echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus vogeli, which occurs in rural areas of Central and South America....
Human polycystic echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus vogeli, which occurs in rural areas of Central and South America. Until now, little information on the genetic variability of E. vogeli is available. Here, 32 samples from human-excised E. vogeli cysts had a 396-bp sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequenced and compared to another 17 COI sequences representing nine Echinococcus species. A Bayesian COI tree revealed that all E. vogeli sequences formed a monophyletic and well-supported clade with an E. vogeli reference sequence. The occurrence of geographically restricted E. vogeli COI haplotypes suggests retention of ancestral polymorphisms with little migration in Acre, Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Brazil; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Genetic Variation; Haplotypes; Humans
PubMed: 31576902
DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190149 -
Parasites & Vectors Mar 2022This study aimed to fill a gap of knowledge by providing a quantitative measure of molecularly identified species and genotypes belonging to Echinococcus granulosus...
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to fill a gap of knowledge by providing a quantitative measure of molecularly identified species and genotypes belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) causing human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Europe during the period 2000-2021. As these species and genotypes are characterized by genetic, animal host and geographical differences, studying the E. granulosus s.l. complex is epidemiologically relevant.
METHODS
A systematic review (SR) was conducted on the basis of both scientific and grey literature considering primary studies between 2000 and 2021 in four databases. From a total of 1643 scientific papers, 51 records were included in the SR. The main inclusion criterion for this study was the molecular confirmation of E. granulosus s.l. at the genotype/species level as a causative agent of human CE cases in selected European countries.
RESULTS
Relevant data were obtained from 29 out of 39 eligible European countries. This SR identified 599 human molecularly confirmed echinococcal cysts: 460 (76.8%) identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), 130 (21.7%) as E. canadensis cluster (G6/7 and G10), 7 (1.2%) as E. ortleppi (G5), and 2 as E. vogeli (0.3%). Three geographical hotspots of human CE caused by different species of the E. granulosus s.l. complex were identified: (1) E. granulosus s.s. in Southern and South-eastern Europe (European-Mediterranean and Balkan countries); (2) E. canadensis (G6/7) in Central and Eastern Europe; (3) E. ortleppi in Central and Western Europe. This SR also identified data gaps that prevented a better definition of the geographical distribution of the Echinococcus granulosus s.l. species complex in Europe: western Balkan countries, part of Central Europe, and Baltic countries.
CONCLUSIONS
These results mandate longitudinal, multi-centre, intersectoral and transdisciplinary studies which consider both molecular and clinical epidemiology in animals and humans. Such studies would be valuable for a better understanding of the transmission of the E. granulosus s.l. species complex and their potential clinical impact on humans.
Topics: Animals; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Echinococcus granulosus; Europe; Genotype; Humans
PubMed: 35346335
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05197-8