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Developmental Neurobiology May 2019Radial glial cells are crucial in vertebrate neural development and regeneration. It has been recently proposed that this neurogenic cell type might be older than the... (Review)
Review
Radial glial cells are crucial in vertebrate neural development and regeneration. It has been recently proposed that this neurogenic cell type might be older than the chordate lineage itself and might have been present in the last common deuterostome ancestor. Here, we summarize the results of recent studies on radial glia in echinoderms, a highly regenerative phylum of marine invertebrates with shared ancestry to chordates. We discuss the involvement of these cells in both homeostatic neurogenesis and post-traumatic neural regeneration, compare the features of radial glia in echinoderms and chordates to each other, and review the molecular mechanisms that control differentiation and plasticity of the echinoderm radial glia. Overall, studies on echinoderm radial glia provide a unique opportunity to understand the fundamental biology of this cell type from evolutionary and comparative perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Echinodermata; Homeostasis; Nerve Regeneration; Neurogenesis; Neuroglia
PubMed: 30548565
DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22659 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2023This review considers available data on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in echinoderms. The connective tissue in these animals has a rather complex... (Review)
Review
This review considers available data on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in echinoderms. The connective tissue in these animals has a rather complex organization. It includes a wide range of structural ECM proteins, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors. Members of almost all major groups of collagens, various glycoproteins, and proteoglycans have been found in echinoderms. There are enzymes for the synthesis of structural proteins and their modification by polysaccharides. However, the ECM of echinoderms substantially differs from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, tenascins, and some other glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Echinoderms have a wide variety of proteinases, with serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metal peptidases identified among them. Their active centers have a typical structure and can break down various ECM molecules. Echinoderms are also distinguished by a wide range of proteinase inhibitors. The complex ECM structure and the variety of intermolecular interactions evidently explain the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for variations in the mechanical properties of connective tissue in echinoderms. These mechanisms probably depend not only on the number of cross-links between the molecules, but also on the composition of ECM and the properties of its proteins.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Echinodermata; Collagen; Proteoglycans; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 37504948
DOI: 10.3390/md21070417 -
Natural Product Reports Mar 2016This review covers the literature published in 2014 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1116 citations (753 for the period January to December 2014) referring to... (Review)
Review
This review covers the literature published in 2014 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1116 citations (753 for the period January to December 2014) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1378 in 456 papers for 2014), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Bryozoa; Cnidaria; Echinodermata; Marine Biology; Molecular Structure; Mollusca; Phytoplankton; Porifera; Rhodophyta; Urochordata
PubMed: 26837534
DOI: 10.1039/c5np00156k -
Natural Product Reports Feb 2015This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to... (Review)
Review
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Bryozoa; Cnidaria; Cyanobacteria; Dinoflagellida; Echinodermata; Molecular Structure; Mollusca; Phytoplankton; Plants; Porifera; Rhizophoraceae; Rhodophyta; Urochordata
PubMed: 25620233
DOI: 10.1039/c4np00144c -
ELife Aug 2023A study of sea urchin and sea star larvae paves the way for understanding how cell types evolve and give rise to novel morphologies.
A study of sea urchin and sea star larvae paves the way for understanding how cell types evolve and give rise to novel morphologies.
Topics: Animals; Starfish; Sea Urchins
PubMed: 37530753
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.90447 -
Marine Drugs Feb 2021Echinoderms are marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (from the Ancient Greek words "echinos" (hedgehog) and "derma" (skin)). [...].
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (from the Ancient Greek words "echinos" (hedgehog) and "derma" (skin)). [...].
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Echinodermata; Humans
PubMed: 33652699
DOI: 10.3390/md19030125 -
Marine Drugs Sep 2019The occurrence of sulfated steroids and phenolics in marine organisms is quite widespread, being typically reported from Echinoderms. In contrast, alkane and alkene... (Review)
Review
The occurrence of sulfated steroids and phenolics in marine organisms is quite widespread, being typically reported from Echinoderms. In contrast, alkane and alkene aliphatic sulfates are considerably rarer with examples being reported from a diverse array of organisms including echinoderms, sponges and ascidians. While no ecological roles for these metabolites have been proposed, they do exhibit a diverse array of biological activities including thrombin inhibition; the ability to induce metamorphosis in larvae; antiproliferative, antibacterial and antifungal properties; and metalloproteinase inhibition. Of particular interest and an avenue for future development is the finding of antifouling properties with low or nontoxic effects to the environment. This review focuses on alkyl sulfates and related sulfamates, their structures and biological activities. Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques that can be used to recognize the presence of sulfate groups are also discussed, data for which will enhance the ability of researchers to recognize this class of chemically- and biologically-interesting marine natural products.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aquatic Organisms; Biological Products; Echinodermata; Humans; Invertebrates; Larva; Sulfates; Urochordata
PubMed: 31505775
DOI: 10.3390/md17090527 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2022Echinoderms belong to the phylum Echinodermata (from the Ancient Greek words "echinos" (hedgehog) and "derma" (skin)) [...].
Echinoderms belong to the phylum Echinodermata (from the Ancient Greek words "echinos" (hedgehog) and "derma" (skin)) [...].
Topics: Animals; Echinodermata
PubMed: 36005494
DOI: 10.3390/md20080492 -
Marine Drugs Nov 2022Chronic inflammation can extensively burden a healthcare system. Several synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available in clinical practice, but each has its... (Review)
Review
Chronic inflammation can extensively burden a healthcare system. Several synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available in clinical practice, but each has its own side effect profile. The planet is gifted with vast and diverse oceans, which provide a treasure of bioactive compounds, the chemical structures of which may provide valuable pharmaceutical agents. Marine organisms contain a variety of bioactive compounds, some of which have anti-inflammatory activity and have received considerable attention from the scientific community for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. This review describes such bioactive compounds, as well as crude extracts (published during 2010-2022) from echinoderms: namely, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish. Moreover, we also include their chemical structures, evaluation models, and anti-inflammatory activities, including the molecular mechanism(s) of these compounds. This paper also highlights the potential applications of those marine-derived compounds in the pharmaceutical industry to develop leads for the clinical pipeline. In conclusion, this review can serve as a well-documented reference for the research progress on the development of potential anti-inflammatory drugs from echinoderms against various chronic inflammatory conditions.
Topics: Animals; Echinodermata; Sea Urchins; Sea Cucumbers; Starfish; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36355016
DOI: 10.3390/md20110693 -
Current Biology : CB Dec 2005
Review
Topics: Animals; Echinodermata; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Gene Expression Regulation; Genomics; Models, Animal; Phylogeny
PubMed: 16332519
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.026