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Virology Journal Jun 2021An outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred from June to August 2016, in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
BACKGROUND
An outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred from June to August 2016, in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
METHODS
To determine its epidemiological characteristics, etiologic agent, and possible origin, specimens were collected for virus isolation and identification, followed by molecular epidemiological analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 363 patients were clinically diagnosed from June 1st to August 31st 2016, and most cases (63.1%, n = 229) were identified between June 22nd and July 17th, with children aged 6 to 12 years constituting the highest percentage (68.9%, n = 250). All viral isolates from this study belonged to genotype C of echovirus 30 (E30), which dominated transmission in China. To date, two E30 transmission lineages have been identified in China, of which Lineage 2 was predominant. We observed fluctuant progress of E30 genetic diversity, with Lineage 2 contributing to increased genetic diversity after 2002, whereas Lineage 1 was significant for the genetic diversity of E30 before 2002.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified the epidemiological and etiological causes of an aseptic meningitis outbreak in Inner Mongolia in 2016, and found that Lineage 2 played an important role in recent outbreaks. Moreover, we found that Gansu province could play an important role in E30 spread and might be a possible origin site. Furthermore, Fujian, Shandong, Taiwan, and Zhejiang provinces also demonstrated significant involvement in E30 evolution and persistence over time in China.
Topics: Child; China; Disease Outbreaks; Echovirus Infections; Enterovirus B, Human; Humans; Meningitis, Aseptic; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34092258
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01590-4 -
Viruses Mar 2022Here, we describe a small enterovirus outbreak including nine cases of aseptic meningitis in a New Zealand hospital in 2017. Most patients had a lymphocytic predominance...
Here, we describe a small enterovirus outbreak including nine cases of aseptic meningitis in a New Zealand hospital in 2017. Most patients had a lymphocytic predominance in the CSF, their length of stay was short, and there were no paediatric cases or ICU admissions. VP1 genotyping revealed that the outbreak was caused by an echovirus E30 strain closely related to strains reported from the US, UK, Brazil, and Denmark. They all form a separate cluster within lineage "h", which leads to the proposal of establishing a new lineage tentatively named "j" for this group of echovirus E30 strains. However, whole genome sequencing and reference mapping to echovirus E30 sequences showed very poor mapping of reads to the 3' half of the genome. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that the causative agent of this outbreak might be a mosaic triple-recombinant enterovirus composed of echovirus E6, echovirus E11, and echovirus E30 genome segments.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Echovirus Infections; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Meningitis, Aseptic; Molecular Epidemiology; New Zealand; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35458388
DOI: 10.3390/v14040658 -
PloS One 2023Enterovirus B (EVB) is a common species of enterovirus, mainly consisting of Echovirus (Echo) and Coxsackievirus B (CVB). The population is generally susceptible to EVB,...
Enterovirus B (EVB) is a common species of enterovirus, mainly consisting of Echovirus (Echo) and Coxsackievirus B (CVB). The population is generally susceptible to EVB, especially among children. Since the 21st century, EVB has been widely prevalent worldwide, and can cause serious diseases, such as viral meningitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. By using cryo-electron microscopy, the three-dimensional (3D) structures of EVB and their uncoating receptors (FcRn and CAR) have been determined, laying the foundation for the study of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic antibodies. A limited number of epitopes bound to neutralizing antibodies have also been determined. It is unclear whether additional epitopes are present or whether epitope mutations play a key role in molecular evolutionary history and epidemics, as in influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, the conformational epitopes of six representative EVB serotypes (E6, E11, E30, CVB1, CVB3 and CVB5) were systematically predicted by bioinformatics-based epitope prediction algorithm. We found that their epitopes were distributed into three clusters, where the VP1 BC loop, C-terminus and VP2 EF loop were the main regions of EVB epitopes. Among them, the VP1 BC loop and VP2 EF loop may be the key epitope regions that determined the use of the uncoating receptors. Further molecular evolution analysis based on the VP1 and genome sequences showed that the VP1 C-terminus and VP2 EF loop, as well as a potential "breathing epitope" VP1 N-terminus, were common mutation hotspot regions, suggesting that the emergence of evolutionary clades was driven by epitope mutations. Finally, footprints showed mutations were located on or near epitopes, while mutations on the receptor binding sites were rare. This suggested that EVB promotes viral epidemics by breaking the immune barrier through epitope mutations, but the mutations avoided the receptor binding sites. The bioinformatics study of EVB epitopes may provide important information for the monitoring and early warning of EVB epidemics and developing therapeutic antibodies.
Topics: Humans; Capsid; Cryoelectron Microscopy; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Capsid Proteins; Enterovirus B, Human; Epitopes; Mutation
PubMed: 37639390
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290584 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2021RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it...
RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it is unknown whether mutations can increase replication speed of a virus already well adapted to replication in cultured cells. By sequentially passaging coxsackievirus B3 in cultured cells and collecting the very earliest progeny, we selected for increased replication speed. We found that a single mutation in a viral capsid protein, VP1-F106L, was sufficient for the fast-replication phenotype. Characterization of this mutant revealed quicker genome release during entry compared to wild-type virus, highlighting a previously unappreciated infection barrier. However, this mutation also reduced capsid stability in vitro and reduced replication and pathogenesis in mice. These results reveal a tradeoff between overall replication speed and fitness. Importantly, this approach-selecting for the earliest viral progeny-could be applied to a variety of viral systems and has the potential to reveal unanticipated inefficiencies in viral replication cycles.
Topics: Animals; Cloning, Molecular; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; HeLa Cells; Humans; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutation; Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34282021
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105288118 -
Viruses Sep 2022In a recent article published in by Hietanen et al. [...].
In a recent article published in by Hietanen et al. [...].
Topics: Cell Death; Enterovirus B, Human; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 36146882
DOI: 10.3390/v14092076 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Aug 2021Numerous serotypes which belong to the genus Enterovirus (EV) show variability in their virulence and clinical manifestations. They are also known to undergo changes...
Numerous serotypes which belong to the genus Enterovirus (EV) show variability in their virulence and clinical manifestations. They are also known to undergo changes caused by mutations and recombination during their circulation in the environment and the population. Various EV serotypes are prevalent in groundwater, wastewater and surface waters. Our previous studies showed that oral infection induces pancreatitis depending on specific conditions, such as gravidity, in an outbred murine model. Our aim in the present study was to further explore the pancreatic histopathology in an outbred mouse model following oral infection with clinical isolates from a patient who had aseptic meningitis and an isolate from a treated-sewage sample recovered from the residential area of the patient. The isolates were identified as coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) in tissue culture. The CVB4 sewage-isolate induced pancreatitis after oral infection. In contrast, pancreatitis was absent following infection with the clinical isolates. Comparison of polyprotein sequences showed that the treated-sewage strains differed from the patient's isolates by 9 and 11 amino acids. We conclude that the isolates of clinical and environmental origin differed in their pathogenic properties and showed genetic variation.
Topics: Animals; Coxsackievirus Infections; Enterovirus B, Human; Humans; Mice; Pancreatitis; Sewage; Virulence
PubMed: 34297106
DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab092 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Sep 2001Echoviruses constitute one of the major groups of the genus Enterovirus and are associated with illnesses including aseptic meningitis, nonspecific rashes, encephalitis,...
Echoviruses constitute one of the major groups of the genus Enterovirus and are associated with illnesses including aseptic meningitis, nonspecific rashes, encephalitis, and myositis (1). Echovirus 13 is an enterovirus that rarely has been detected in the United States, accounting for only 65 of approximately 45,000 enterovirus isolates reported to CDC during 1970-2000. No associated outbreaks have been reported in this country. As of June 2001, eight state public health laboratories and one private laboratory had reported an increased number of echovirus 13 isolates to CDC, most associated with aseptic meningitis. This report summarizes echovirus 13 activity in the United States and highlights the investigation of aseptic meningitis outbreaks in Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, and Tennessee. Echovirus 13 should be considered in the diff erential diagnosis of persons with aseptic meningitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Echovirus Infections; Enterovirus B, Human; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Louisiana; Male; Meningitis, Aseptic; Mississippi; Montana; Tennessee; United States
PubMed: 11570484
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Apr 2021Enterovirus infections can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe illness and death.
BACKGROUND
Enterovirus infections can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe illness and death.
AIM
To support polio eradication activities, in February 2019, the WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for polio in Italy, at the National Institute of Public Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), promoted an investigation on non-polio enterovirus laboratory capacity, with the support of the Italian Ministry of Health. The aim was to collect data on the assays used routinely for diagnostic purposes and to characterize enterovirus outbreaks strains by sequence analysis of the Viral Protein 1 region.
METHODS
A questionnaire was administered to public health laboratories through all Italian Regions for 2018 and subsequently, an electronic form for lab-confirmed enterovirus infection reported from February 2019 to January 2020, including patients clinical characteristics, and laboratory data was distributed through 25 laboratories participating the survey.
RESULTS
Overall, a homogenous laboratory capacity for enterovirus infection diagnosis was found and 21,000 diagnostic tests were retrospectively reported in 2018. Then, in 2019, two outbreaks of Echovirus 30 were identified and confirmed by molecular analyses.
CONCLUSION
These results underline the need monitor the circulation of non-polio enterovirus to ascertain the real burden of the disease in the country.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Italy; Retrospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33711692
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104763 -
Journal of Virology Sep 2013Some cell types are more susceptible to viral gene transfer or virus infection than others, irrespective of the number of viral receptors or virus binding efficacy on...
Some cell types are more susceptible to viral gene transfer or virus infection than others, irrespective of the number of viral receptors or virus binding efficacy on their surfaces. In order to characterize the cell-line-specific features contributing to efficient virus entry, we studied two cell lines (Ea.hy926 and MG-63) that are nearly nonpermissive to insect-specific baculovirus (BV) and the human enterovirus echovirus 1 (EV1) and compared their characteristics with those of a highly permissive (HepG2) cell line. All the cell lines contained high levels of viral receptors on their surfaces, and virus binding was shown to be efficient. However, in nonpermissive cells, BV and its receptor, syndecan 1, were unable to internalize in the cells and formed large aggregates near the cell surface. Accordingly, EV1 had a low infection rate in nonpermissive cells but was still able to internalize the cells, suggesting that the postinternalization step of the virus was impaired. The nonpermissive and permissive cell lines showed differential expression of syntenin, filamentous actin, vimentin, and phosphorylated protein kinase C subtype α (pPKCα). The nonpermissive nature of the cells could be modulated by the choice of culture medium. RPMI medium could partially rescue infection/transduction and concomitantly showed lower syntenin expression, a modified vimentin network, and altered activities of PKC subtypes PKCα and PKCε. The observed changes in PKCα and PKCε activation caused alterations in the vimentin organization, leading to efficient BV transduction and EV1 infection. This study identifies PKCα, PKCε, and vimentin as key factors affecting efficient infection and transduction by EV1 and BV, respectively.
Topics: Animals; Baculoviridae; Cell Line; Culture Media; Enterovirus B, Human; HEK293 Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Integrin alpha2beta1; Mice; Models, Biological; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinase C-alpha; Protein Kinase C-epsilon; Receptors, Virus; Syndecan-1; Transduction, Genetic; Vimentin; Virulence; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 23824807
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01004-13 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2018Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from rash to paralytic poliomyelitis. For example, EV-A and EV-C viruses cause hand-foot and mouth...
Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that cause diseases ranging from rash to paralytic poliomyelitis. For example, EV-A and EV-C viruses cause hand-foot and mouth disease and EV-B viruses cause encephalitis and myocarditis, which can result in severe morbidity and mortality. While new vaccines and treatments for EVs are under development, methods for studying and diagnosing EV infections are still limited and therefore new diagnostic tools are required. Our aim was to produce and characterize new antibodies that work in multiple applications and detect EVs in tissues and in vitro. Rats were immunized with Coxsackievirus B1 capsid protein VP1 and hybridomas were produced. Hybridoma clones were selected based on their reactivity in different immunoassays. The most promising clone, 3A6, was characterized and it performed well in multiple techniques including ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, immunocyto- and histochemistry and in Western blotting, detecting EVs in infected cells and tissues. It recognized several EV-Bs and also the EV-C representative Poliovirus 3, making it a broad-spectrum EV specific antibody. The 3A6 rat monoclonal antibody can help to overcome some of the challenges faced with commonly used EV antibodies: it enables simultaneous use of mouse-derived antibodies in double staining and it is useful in murine models.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Capsid Proteins; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Epitopes; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Models, Molecular; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Rats
PubMed: 29311608
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18495-4