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Journal of Extracellular Vesicles May 2022The ability to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from blood is vital in the development of EVs as disease biomarkers. Both serum and plasma can be used, but few...
BACKGROUND
The ability to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from blood is vital in the development of EVs as disease biomarkers. Both serum and plasma can be used, but few studies have compared these sources in terms of the type of EVs that are obtained. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of different subpopulations of EVs in plasma and serum.
METHOD
Blood was collected from healthy subjects, and plasma and serum were isolated in parallel. ACD or EDTA tubes were used for the collection of plasma, while serum was obtained in clot activator tubes. EVs were isolated utilising a combination of density cushion and SEC, a combination of density cushion and gradient or by a bead antibody capturing system (anti-CD63, anti-CD9 and anti-CD81 beads). The subpopulations of EVs were analysed by NTA, Western blot, SP-IRIS, conventional and nano flow cytometry, magnetic bead ELISA and mass spectrometry. Additionally, different isolation protocols for plasma were compared to determine the contribution of residual platelets in the analysis.
RESULTS
This study shows that a higher number of CD9 EVs were present in EDTA-plasma compared to ACD-plasma and to serum, and the presence of CD41a on these EVs suggests that they were released from platelets. Furthermore, only a very small number of EVs in blood were double-positive for CD63 and CD81. The CD63 EVs were enriched in serum, while CD81 vesicles were the rarest subpopulation in both plasma and serum. Additionally, EDTA-plasma contained more residual platelets than ACD-plasma and serum, and two centrifugation steps were crucial to reduce the number of platelets in plasma prior to EV isolation.
CONCLUSION
These results show that human blood contains multiple subpopulations of EVs that carry different tetraspanins. Blood sampling methods, including the use of anti-coagulants and choice of centrifugation protocols, can affect EV analyses and should always be reported in detail.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Edetic Acid; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Tetraspanins
PubMed: 35524458
DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12213 -
Bioanalysis Jul 2016
Topics: Acetates; Edetic Acid; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oligonucleotides; Tromethamine
PubMed: 27269964
DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.18a1 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2013Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impact on most organ systems. It is widely distributed in humans, the chief sources of contamination... (Review)
Review
Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity with destructive impact on most organ systems. It is widely distributed in humans, the chief sources of contamination being cigarette smoke, welding, and contaminated food and beverages. Toxic impacts are discussed and appear to be proportional to body burden of cadmium. Detoxification of cadmium with EDTA and other chelators is possible and has been shown to be therapeutically beneficial in humans and animals when done using established protocols.
Topics: Animals; Cadmium Poisoning; Chelating Agents; Chelation Therapy; Edetic Acid; Humans
PubMed: 23844395
DOI: 10.1155/2013/394652 -
Aging Aug 2017
Topics: Animals; Chlorides; Contrast Media; Edetic Acid; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Manganese Compounds; Mice, Transgenic; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Pyridoxal Phosphate
PubMed: 28854148
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101283 -
Australian Dental Journal Jun 2018To evaluate the effect of distilled water, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phosphoric acid and maleic acid on Biodentine regarding surface topography,...
BACKGROUND
To evaluate the effect of distilled water, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phosphoric acid and maleic acid on Biodentine regarding surface topography, microhardness and push-out bond strength (POBS).
METHODS
Fifty-two cylindrical shaped Biodentine specimens were divided into groups: control (distilled water); EDTA (17% EDTA); PA (37% phosphoric acid); and MA (7% maleic acid). Surfaces were evaluated by topographic analysis and Vickers microhardness test. Topographic changes were evaluated qualitatively and microhardness was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Forty mandibular molars were used to simulate clinical conditions. The crowns were removed and a perforation was created at the furcal floor. The Biodentine was packed into the root perforations and the roots were divided into four groups (DW, EDTA, PA, MA). Samples were stored and subjected to interfacial analysis. POBS data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests.
RESULTS
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, MA and PA changed the morphology of the Biodentine surface. PA showed microhardness similar to distilled water (P > 0.05), while MA and EDTA demonstrated reduced values when compared with PA (P < 0.05). PA improved the POBS of Biodentine in comparison with the control.
CONCLUSIONS
Changes in the topography, microhardness and POBS of Biodentine are associated with irrigant agent used.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Chelating Agents; Crowns; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin; Edetic Acid; Hardness; Humans; Maleates; Materials Testing; Phosphoric Acids; Silicates
PubMed: 29573422
DOI: 10.1111/adj.12609 -
NMR in Biomedicine Dec 2004Manganese (Mn) is a required element and a metabolic byproduct of the contrast agent mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP). The Mn released from MnDPDP is initially... (Review)
Review
Manganese (Mn) is a required element and a metabolic byproduct of the contrast agent mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP). The Mn released from MnDPDP is initially sequestered by the liver for first-pass elimination, which allows an enhanced contrast for diagnostic imaging. The administration of intravenous Mn impacts its homeostatic balance in the human body and can lead to toxicity. Human Mn deficiency has been reported in patients on parenteral nutrition and in micronutrient studies. Mn toxicity has been reported through occupational (e.g. welder) and dietary overexposure and is evidenced primarily in the central nervous system, although lung, cardiac, liver, reproductive and fetal toxicity have been noted. Mn neurotoxicity results from an accumulation of the metal in brain tissue and results in a progressive disorder of the extrapyramidal system which is similar to Parkinson's disease. In order for Mn to distribute from blood into brain tissue, it must cross either the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB). Brain import, with no evidence of export, would lead to brain Mn accumulation and neurotoxicity. The mechanism for the neurodegenerative damage specific to select brain regions is not clearly understood. Disturbances in iron homeostasis and the valence state of Mn have been implicated as key factors in contributing to Mn toxicity. Chelation therapy with EDTA and supplementation with levodopa are the current treatment options, which are mildly and transiently efficacious. In conclusion, repeated administration of Mn, or compounds that readily release Mn, may increase the risk of Mn-induced toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Contrast Media; Edetic Acid; Heart; Humans; Manganese; Manganese Poisoning; Myocardium; Pyridoxal Phosphate
PubMed: 15617053
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.931 -
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2020The semistable chelate manganese (Mn) dipyridoxyl diphosphate (MnDPDP, mangafodipir), previously used as an intravenous (i.v.) contrast agent (Teslascan™, GE... (Review)
Review
The semistable chelate manganese (Mn) dipyridoxyl diphosphate (MnDPDP, mangafodipir), previously used as an intravenous (i.v.) contrast agent (Teslascan™, GE Healthcare) for Mn-ion-enhanced MRI (MEMRI), should be reappraised for clinical use but now as a diagnostic drug with cytoprotective properties. Approved for imaging of the liver and pancreas, MnDPDP enhances contrast also in other targets such as the heart, kidney, glandular tissue, and potentially retina and brain. Transmetallation releases paramagnetic Mn for cellular uptake in competition with calcium (Ca), and intracellular (IC) macromolecular Mn adducts lower myocardial to midway between native values and values obtained with gadolinium (Gd). What is essential is that mapping and, to a lesser degree, weighted imaging enable quantification of viability at a cellular or even molecular level. IC Mn retention for hours provides delayed imaging as another advantage. Examples in humans include quantitative imaging of cardiomyocyte remodeling and of Ca channel activity, capabilities beyond the scope of Gd based or native MRI. In addition, MnDPDP and the metabolite Mn dipyridoxyl diethyl-diamine (MnPLED) act as catalytic antioxidants enabling prevention and treatment of oxidative stress caused by tissue injury and inflammation. Tested applications in humans include protection of normal cells during chemotherapy of cancer and, potentially, of ischemic tissues during reperfusion. Theragnostic use combining therapy with delayed imaging remains to be explored. This review updates MnDPDP and its clinical potential with emphasis on the working mode of an exquisite chelate in the diagnosis of heart disease and in the treatment of oxidative stress.
Topics: Brain; Contrast Media; Edetic Acid; Heart; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Manganese; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Retina
PubMed: 32994754
DOI: 10.1155/2020/3262835 -
Nuclear Medicine Review. Central &... 2016Tektrotyd kit was developed by Polatom company for 99mTc labeling to make an alternative tracer of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy available. Since 2005,... (Review)
Review
Tektrotyd kit was developed by Polatom company for 99mTc labeling to make an alternative tracer of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy available. Since 2005, 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-Tyr3-Octreotide has been used in clinical imaging and achieved high impact in management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Knowing the limitations and pitfalls is essential to provide ac-curate diagnosis. Therefore, the potential pitfalls associated with the use of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC are reviewed on the basis of own experience. Data were analyzed of 310 patients who underwent somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 99mTc-Tektrotyd. Pitfalls during radiolabeling process or acquisition can worsen the sensitivity of SRS (somatostatin receptor scintigraphy). Recognizing physi-ological and clinical pitfalls, the diagnostic accuracy will improve.
Topics: Edetic Acid; Humans; Octreotide; Organotechnetium Compounds; Radionuclide Imaging; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 27479887
DOI: 10.5603/NMR.2016.0019 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2019Neurotoxicity can be caused by numerous direct agents, of which toxic metals, organophosphorus pesticides, air pollution, radiation and electromagnetic fields,... (Review)
Review
Neurotoxicity can be caused by numerous direct agents, of which toxic metals, organophosphorus pesticides, air pollution, radiation and electromagnetic fields, neurotoxins, chemotherapeutic and anesthetic drugs, and pathogens are the most important. Other indirect causes of neurotoxicity are cytokine and/or reactive oxygen species production and adoptive immunotherapy. The development of neurodegenerative diseases has been associated with neurotoxicity. Which arms are useful to prevent or eliminate neurotoxicity? The chelating agent calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-previously used to treat cardiovascular diseases-is known to be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes how EDTA functions as a therapeutic agent for these diseases. Some case studies are reported to confirm our findings.
Topics: Animals; Chelation Therapy; Edetic Acid; Humans; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30813622
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051019 -
PloS One 2021Since long-chain fatty acids work as the primary energy source for the myocardium, radiolabeled long-chain fatty acids play an important role as imaging agents to...
Since long-chain fatty acids work as the primary energy source for the myocardium, radiolabeled long-chain fatty acids play an important role as imaging agents to diagnose metabolic heart dysfunction and heart diseases. With the aim of developing radiogallium-labeled fatty acids, herein four fatty acid-based tracers, [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-PDA, [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-MHDA, [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-PDA, and [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-MHDA, which are [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC and [67Ga]Ga-DOTA conjugated with pentadecanoic acid (PDA) and 3-methylhexadecanoic acid (MHDA), were synthesized, and their potential for myocardial metabolic imaging was evaluated. Those tracers were found to be chemically stable in 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline. Initial [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-PDA, [67Ga]Ga-HBED-CC-MHDA, [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-PDA, and [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-MHDA uptakes in the heart at 0.5 min postinjection were 5.01 ± 0.30%ID/g, 5.74 ± 1.02%ID/g, 5.67 ± 0.22%ID/g, and 5.29 ± 0.10%ID/g, respectively. These values were significantly lower than that of [123I]BMIPP (21.36 ± 2.73%ID/g). For their clinical application as myocardial metabolic imaging agents, further structural modifications are required to increase their uptake in the heart.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Edetic Acid; Fatty Acids; Gallium; Gallium Radioisotopes; Heart; Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; Humans; Japan; Male; Mice; Myocardium; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radioisotopes; Tissue Distribution; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34910775
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261226