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Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Aug 2022Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms... (Review)
Review
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) are gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract in humans. These organisms cause a wide range of infections, of which IE is one of the most notable. In order to control and prevent endocarditis caused by HACEK, measures such as oral hygiene and the use of prophylactic drugs should be used for people at risk, including people with underlying heart disease and people with artificial valves. This review is a summary of the main aspects of IE focusing on HACEK organisms.
Topics: Eikenella corrodens; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Heart Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 35986339
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01932-5 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2016The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis),... (Review)
Review
The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis), Cardiobacterium spp. (C. hominis, C. valvarum), Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella spp. (K. kingae, K. denitrificans) - are fastidious gram-negative bacteria, part of the normal microbiota of oral and upper respiratory tract in humans. Although their pathogenicity is limited, they are responsible for 1-3% of all infective endocarditis. HACEK endocarditis mostly affect patients with underlying heart disease or prosthetic valves, and are characterized by an insidious course, with a mean diagnosis delay of 1 month (Haemophilus spp.) to 3 months (Aggregatibacter and Cardiobacterium spp.). The advent of continuously monitored blood culture systems with enriched media has erased the need for extended incubation for the diagnosis of HACEK endocarditis. Medical treatment relies on third-generation cephalosporin, with a favorable outcome in 80-90% of cases, with or without cardiac surgery.
Topics: Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26953488
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1164032 -
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Mar 2022Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Individuals affected by the disease gradually lose their capacity for abstract thinking,... (Review)
Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Individuals affected by the disease gradually lose their capacity for abstract thinking, understanding, communication and memory. As populations age, declining cognitive abilities will represent an increasing global health concern. While AD was first described over a century ago, its pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. It is believed that cognitive decline in AD is caused by a progressive loss of neurons and synapses that lead to reduced neural plasticity. AD is a multifactorial disease affected by genetic and environmental factors. The molecular hallmarks of AD include formation of extracellular β amyloid (Aβ) aggregates, neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, excessive oxidative damage, an imbalance of biothiols, dysregulated methylation, and a disproportionate inflammatory response. Recent reports have shown that viruses (e.g., Herpes simplex type 1, 2, 6A/B; human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (e.g., , , , , , , , , , and ), as well as eukaryotic unicellular parasites (e.g., ) may factor into cognitive decline within the context of AD. Microorganisms may trigger pathological changes in the brain that resemble and/or induce accumulation of Aβ peptides and promote tau hyperphosphorylation. Further, the mere presence of infectious agents is suspected to induce both local and systemic inflammatory responses promoting cellular damage and neuronal loss. Here we review the influence of infectious agents on the development of AD to inspire new research in dementia based on these pathogens.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; COVID-19; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35364661
DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2102073 -
Bioscience Reports Jul 2022The coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving genetic as well as environmental factors. Recent evidence suggests that the oral microbiome...
The coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving genetic as well as environmental factors. Recent evidence suggests that the oral microbiome has a significant role in triggering atherosclerosis. The present study assessed the oral microbiome composition variation between coronary patients and healthy subjects in order to identify a potential pathogenic signature associated with CAD. We performed metagenomic profiling of salivary microbiomes by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) next-generation sequencing. Oral microbiota profiling was performed for 30 individuals including 20 patients with CAD and ten healthy individuals without carotid plaques or previous stroke or myocardial infarction. We found that oral microbial communities in patients and healthy controls are represented by similar global core oral microbiome. The predominant taxa belonged to Firmicutes (genus Streptococcus, Veillonella, Granulicatella, Selenomonas), Proteobacteria (genus Neisseria, Haemophilus), Actinobacteria (genus Rothia), Bacteroidetes (genus Prevotella, Porphyromonas), and Fusobacteria (genus Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia). More than 60% relative abundance of each sample for both CAD patients and controls is represented by three major genera including Streptococcus (24.97 and 26.33%), Veillonella (21.43 and 19.91%), and Neisseria (14.23 and 15.33%). Using penalized regression analysis, the bacterial genus Eikenella was involved as the major discriminant genus for both status and Syntax score of CAD. We also reported a significant negative correlation between Syntax score and Eikenella abundance in coronary patients' group (Spearman rho = -0.68, P=0.00094). In conclusion, the abundance of Eikenella in oral coronary patient samples compared with controls could be a prominent pathological indicator for the development of CAD.
Topics: Bacteria; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcus; Tunisia
PubMed: 35695679
DOI: 10.1042/BSR20220583 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Mar 1982To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with...
To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with penile ulceration, a foul-smelling discharge, and a mixed and motile bacterial flora. Most of 29 culturally confirmed infections were due to mixed anaerobes and eight to single anaerobes. A rapid response to treatment with metronidazole also confirmed the anaerobic cause of the infection. Thus, acute anaerobic balanoposthitis can be readily diagnosed clinically and is easily treated.
Topics: Balanitis; Eikenella corrodens; Fusobacterium; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Prevotella melaninogenica
PubMed: 6121604
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6319.859 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022This pilot study was designed to identify the salivary microbial community and metabolic characteristics in patients with generalized periodontitis. A total of 36 saliva...
This pilot study was designed to identify the salivary microbial community and metabolic characteristics in patients with generalized periodontitis. A total of 36 saliva samples were collected from 13 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 13 patients with chronic periodontitis (ChP), and 10 subjects with periodontal health (PH). The microbiome was evaluated using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, and the metabolome was accessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The correlation between microbiomes and metabolomics was analyzed by Spearman's correlation method. Our results revealed that the salivary microbial community and metabolite composition differed significantly between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls. Striking differences were found in the composition of salivary metabolites between AgP and ChP. The genera , , , , (, , , and ), , , , , , and were present in higher levels in patients with periodontitis than in the healthy participants. The biochemical pathways that were significantly different between ChP and AgP included pyrimidine metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; beta-alanine metabolism; citrate cycle; and arginine and proline metabolism. The differential metabolites between ChP and AgP groups, such as urea, beta-alanine, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, and thymine, showed the most significant correlations with the genera. These differential microorganisms and metabolites may be used as potential biomarkers to monitor the occurrence and development of periodontitis through the utilization of non-invasive and convenient saliva samples. This study reveals the integration of salivary microbial data and metabolomic data, which provides a foundation to further explore the potential mechanism of periodontitis.
PubMed: 36225347
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959416 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Feb 2022To investigate clinical characteristics of six cases of Eikenella corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital in China in recent 2 years. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To investigate clinical characteristics of six cases of Eikenella corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital in China in recent 2 years.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyze medical records of six cases of E. corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital from 2020 to 2021. And we describe the gender, age, clinical manifestations, antimicrobial administration, and treatment of the six patients.
RESULTS
Five of the patients had deep infection and they were treated with surgical drainage or abscess resection plus antimicrobial administration. After treatment, five patients were discharged and recovered well, and another patient was transferred to another hospital for further treatment. All the six cases were in line with the reports on the clinical characteristics of patients infected with E. corrodens at home and abroad before 2021.
CONCLUSION
Eikenella corrodens is a part of the normal flora of human oropharynx, but it can migrate to other parts of the human body to cause severe invasive disease in humans. Although it is susceptible to most antimicrobials, it needs debridement in the treatment of deep infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Drainage; Eikenella corrodens; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35019186
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24230