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Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Aug 2022Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms... (Review)
Review
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) are gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract in humans. These organisms cause a wide range of infections, of which IE is one of the most notable. In order to control and prevent endocarditis caused by HACEK, measures such as oral hygiene and the use of prophylactic drugs should be used for people at risk, including people with underlying heart disease and people with artificial valves. This review is a summary of the main aspects of IE focusing on HACEK organisms.
Topics: Eikenella corrodens; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Heart Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 35986339
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01932-5 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2016The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis),... (Review)
Review
The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis), Cardiobacterium spp. (C. hominis, C. valvarum), Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella spp. (K. kingae, K. denitrificans) - are fastidious gram-negative bacteria, part of the normal microbiota of oral and upper respiratory tract in humans. Although their pathogenicity is limited, they are responsible for 1-3% of all infective endocarditis. HACEK endocarditis mostly affect patients with underlying heart disease or prosthetic valves, and are characterized by an insidious course, with a mean diagnosis delay of 1 month (Haemophilus spp.) to 3 months (Aggregatibacter and Cardiobacterium spp.). The advent of continuously monitored blood culture systems with enriched media has erased the need for extended incubation for the diagnosis of HACEK endocarditis. Medical treatment relies on third-generation cephalosporin, with a favorable outcome in 80-90% of cases, with or without cardiac surgery.
Topics: Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26953488
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1164032 -
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Mar 2022Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Individuals affected by the disease gradually lose their capacity for abstract thinking,... (Review)
Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Individuals affected by the disease gradually lose their capacity for abstract thinking, understanding, communication and memory. As populations age, declining cognitive abilities will represent an increasing global health concern. While AD was first described over a century ago, its pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. It is believed that cognitive decline in AD is caused by a progressive loss of neurons and synapses that lead to reduced neural plasticity. AD is a multifactorial disease affected by genetic and environmental factors. The molecular hallmarks of AD include formation of extracellular β amyloid (Aβ) aggregates, neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, excessive oxidative damage, an imbalance of biothiols, dysregulated methylation, and a disproportionate inflammatory response. Recent reports have shown that viruses (e.g., Herpes simplex type 1, 2, 6A/B; human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (e.g., , , , , , , , , , and ), as well as eukaryotic unicellular parasites (e.g., ) may factor into cognitive decline within the context of AD. Microorganisms may trigger pathological changes in the brain that resemble and/or induce accumulation of Aβ peptides and promote tau hyperphosphorylation. Further, the mere presence of infectious agents is suspected to induce both local and systemic inflammatory responses promoting cellular damage and neuronal loss. Here we review the influence of infectious agents on the development of AD to inspire new research in dementia based on these pathogens.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; COVID-19; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35364661
DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2102073 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Feb 2022To investigate clinical characteristics of six cases of Eikenella corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital in China in recent 2 years. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To investigate clinical characteristics of six cases of Eikenella corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital in China in recent 2 years.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyze medical records of six cases of E. corrodens infection in Ningbo First Hospital from 2020 to 2021. And we describe the gender, age, clinical manifestations, antimicrobial administration, and treatment of the six patients.
RESULTS
Five of the patients had deep infection and they were treated with surgical drainage or abscess resection plus antimicrobial administration. After treatment, five patients were discharged and recovered well, and another patient was transferred to another hospital for further treatment. All the six cases were in line with the reports on the clinical characteristics of patients infected with E. corrodens at home and abroad before 2021.
CONCLUSION
Eikenella corrodens is a part of the normal flora of human oropharynx, but it can migrate to other parts of the human body to cause severe invasive disease in humans. Although it is susceptible to most antimicrobials, it needs debridement in the treatment of deep infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Drainage; Eikenella corrodens; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35019186
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24230 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Apr 2013
Topics: Eikenella corrodens
PubMed: 23677155
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182013000200007 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Mar 1982To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with...
To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with penile ulceration, a foul-smelling discharge, and a mixed and motile bacterial flora. Most of 29 culturally confirmed infections were due to mixed anaerobes and eight to single anaerobes. A rapid response to treatment with metronidazole also confirmed the anaerobic cause of the infection. Thus, acute anaerobic balanoposthitis can be readily diagnosed clinically and is easily treated.
Topics: Balanitis; Eikenella corrodens; Fusobacterium; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Prevotella melaninogenica
PubMed: 6121604
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6319.859 -
The New Microbiologica May 2023We report a case of a 26-year-old female who developed a brain abscess that was strongly suspected to be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, A. aphrophilus, and E....
We report a case of a 26-year-old female who developed a brain abscess that was strongly suspected to be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, A. aphrophilus, and E. corrodens species. In general, A. aphrophilus and E. corrodens, members of the HACEK group (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., C. hominis, E. corrodens, and K. kingae), have been associated with the development of endocarditis, meningitis, sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, and wound infections. Cerebral abscesses are a rare manifestation of these bacteria; only a few cases are described in the literature, generally related to the diffusion of these organisms through the bloodstream after a dental procedure or a heart disease. Our case is unique because the rarity of the infection site appeared apparently in absence of risk factors. The patient underwent surgery to drain the abscess and was subsequently put on intravenous antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and metronidazole. After 6 months, brain imaging revealed that the lesion had disappeared. The patient achieved excellent results with this approach.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Aggregatibacter aphrophilus; Eikenella corrodens; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brain Abscess
PubMed: 37247244
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2013A 48-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history was admitted with vague conditions of fever, chills, myalgias and malaise. Physical examination was remarkable for... (Review)
Review
A 48-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history was admitted with vague conditions of fever, chills, myalgias and malaise. Physical examination was remarkable for only scleral icterus. Laboratory evaluation revealed elevated aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. Imaging demonstrated two masses in the right lobe of his liver, which were ultimately drained and cultures demonstrated Actinomyces and Eikenella. He continued to have fever on broad-spectrum antibiotics until catheter drainage of the abscesses was performed. He was eventually discharged in improved condition on amoxicillin-clavulanate. His aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin continued to improve and he remained afebrile and asymptomatic. A repeat CT 2 months after discharge demonstrated resolution of the abscesses. Actinomyces and Eikenella are rare causes of liver abscesses and treatment requires drainage and an extended course of antibiotics. The polymicrobial character typical of liver abscesses makes antibiotic therapy challenging when cultures reveal rare organisms such as Actinomyces and Eikenella.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drainage; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eikenella corrodens; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Liver Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 23867879
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009613