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Current Neuropharmacology 2022Psychiatric drugs have primacy for off-label prescribing. Among those, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are highly versatile and, therefore, widely... (Review)
Review
Psychiatric drugs have primacy for off-label prescribing. Among those, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are highly versatile and, therefore, widely prescribed. Moreover, they are commonly considered as having a better safety profile compared to other antidepressants. Thus, when it comes to off-label prescribing, SSRIs rank among the top positions. In this review, we present the state of the art of off-label applications of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ranging from migraine prophylaxis to SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties. Research on SSRIs provided significant evidence in the treatment of premature ejaculation, both with the on-label dapoxetine 30 mg and the off-label paroxetine 20 mg. However, other than a serotoninergic syndrome, serious conditions like increased bleeding rates, hyponatremia, hepatoxicity, and post-SSRIs sexual dysfunctions, are consistently more prominent when using such compounds. These insidious side effects might be frequently underestimated during common clinical practice, especially by nonpsychiatrists. Thus, some points must be addressed when using SSRIs. Among these, a psychiatric evaluation before every administration that falls outside the regulatory agencies-approved guidelines has to be considered mandatory. For these reasons, we aim with the present article to identify the risks of inappropriate uses and to advocate the need to actively boost research encouraging future clinical trials on this topic.
Topics: Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Off-Label Use; SARS-CoV-2; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 33998993
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X19666210517150418 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Oct 2016Ejaculation is the final stage of coitus in mammalian male and is mandatory for natural procreation. Two synchronized phases, emission and expulsion, form the... (Review)
Review
Ejaculation is the final stage of coitus in mammalian male and is mandatory for natural procreation. Two synchronized phases, emission and expulsion, form the ejaculatory response and involve specific organs and anatomical structures. The peripheral events leading to ejaculation are commanded by autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatic divisions of the nervous system. The autonomic and somatic motor efferents originate in spinal nuclei located in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral segments. Co-ordinated activation of autonomic and somatic spinal nuclei is orchestrated by a group of lumbar spinal interneurons defined as the spinal generator of ejaculation. The generator of ejaculation together with the autonomic and somatic spinal nuclei constitutes a spinal network that is under the strong influence of stimulating or inhibiting genital sensory and supraspinal inputs. A brain circuitry dedicated to ejaculation has been delineated that is part of a more global network controlling other aspects of the sexual response. This circuitry includes discrete neuronal populations distributed in all divisions of the brain. The corollary to the expanded CNS network is the variety of neurotransmitter systems participating in the ejaculatory process. Among them, serotonin neurotransmission plays a key role and its targeting led to the development of the first registered pharmacological treatment of premature ejaculation in human beings. Critical gaps remain in the understanding of neurophysiopharmacology of ejaculation and management of ejaculatory disorders in human beings needs improvement. Because the ejaculatory response in laboratory animals and in human beings shares many similarities, the use of animal models will certainly provide further advances in the field.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Ejaculation; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 26709195
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12546 -
Sheng Li Xue Bao : [Acta Physiologica... Dec 2002The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in sex hormone level in men after ejaculation. The serum testosterone concentrations of 28 male volunteers were...
The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in sex hormone level in men after ejaculation. The serum testosterone concentrations of 28 male volunteers were investigated daily during abstinence period after ejaculation. We found that fluctuations of testosterone levels from day 2 to day 5 of abstinence were minimal. On day 7 of abstinence, a peak of serum testosterone appeared, reaching 145.7% of the baseline (P<0.01). After the peak, no regular fluctuation was observed. Ejaculation was the premise and beginning of the 7 days' periodic phenomenon. If there was no ejaculation, there was no periodical changes in serum testosterone level. These results indicate that the periodic change in serum testosterone level is caused by ejaculation.
Topics: Adult; Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodicity; Testosterone
PubMed: 12506329
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jan 2020This review summarises the current knowledge of ejaculatory dysfunction, which is a group of prevalent sexual disorders with a substantial impact on sexual health of men... (Review)
Review
This review summarises the current knowledge of ejaculatory dysfunction, which is a group of prevalent sexual disorders with a substantial impact on sexual health of men and their partners. A thorough medical history is the most important evaluation tool. Several treatments for premature ejaculation are available; however, a successful treatment outcome depends on pre-treatment alignment of expectations. Infertility due to delayed ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation or anejaculation can be treated effectively.
Topics: Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological; Treatment Outcome; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 32052738
DOI: No ID Found -
In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 2022The microminipig is a relatively new type of mini pig; microminipigs weigh about 10 kg at 6 months of age and are expected to be of use in drug discovery research and...
BACKGROUND/AIM
The microminipig is a relatively new type of mini pig; microminipigs weigh about 10 kg at 6 months of age and are expected to be of use in drug discovery research and safety tests. Herein, we analyzed the characteristics of ejaculated sperm from microminipigs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sperm parameters such as microstructure and sensitivity to cold shock were investigated using optical or scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
Ejaculate volumes and total numbers of sperm were lower than in standard pig strains, but were proportional to body weight. Ejaculation time, pH of the ejaculate, sperm motility and morphology, and sensitivity to cold shock were similar to those of standard pig strains.
CONCLUSION
Herein, we provide the first characterization of the ejaculates of microminipigs and demonstrate that this type of pig will be useful not only in medical research, but also in investigations into sperm preservation in different pig breeds.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Male; Semen Preservation; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Swine; Swine, Miniature
PubMed: 35241528
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12759 -
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge... Apr 2020Mammalian sperm must spend a minimum period of time within a female reproductive tract to achieve the capacity to fertilize oocytes. This phenomenon, termed sperm... (Review)
Review
Mammalian sperm must spend a minimum period of time within a female reproductive tract to achieve the capacity to fertilize oocytes. This phenomenon, termed sperm 'capacitation', was discovered nearly seven decades ago and opened a window into the complexities of sperm-female interaction. Capacitation is most commonly used to refer to a specific combination of processes that are believed to be widespread in mammals and includes modifications to the sperm plasma membrane, elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels, induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, increased intracellular Ca levels, hyperactivation of motility, and, eventually, the acrosome reaction. Capacitation is only one example of post-ejaculatory modifications to sperm (PEMS) that are widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Although PEMS are less well studied in non-mammalian taxa, they likely represent the rule rather than the exception in species with internal fertilization. These PEMS are diverse in form and collectively represent the outcome of selection fashioning complex maturational trajectories of sperm that include multiple, sequential phenotypes that are specialized for stage-specific functionality within the female. In many cases, PEMS are critical for sperm to migrate successfully through the female reproductive tract, survive a protracted period of storage, reach the site of fertilization and/or achieve the capacity to fertilize eggs. We predict that PEMS will exhibit widespread phenotypic plasticity mediated by sperm-female interactions. The successful execution of PEMS thus has important implications for variation in fitness and the operation of post-copulatory sexual selection. Furthermore, it may provide a widespread mechanism of reproductive isolation and the maintenance of species boundaries. Despite their possible ubiquity and importance, the investigation of PEMS has been largely descriptive, lacking any phylogenetic consideration with regard to divergence, and there have been no theoretical or empirical investigations of their evolutionary significance. Here, we (i) clarify PEMS-related nomenclature; (ii) address the evolutionary origin, maintenance and divergence in PEMS in the context of the protracted life history of sperm and the complex, selective environment of the female reproductive tract; (iii) describe taxonomically widespread types of PEMS: sperm activation, chemotaxis and the dissociation of sperm conjugates; (iv) review the occurence of PEMS throughout the animal kingdom; (v) consider alternative hypotheses for the adaptive value of PEMS; (vi) speculate on the evolutionary implications of PEMS for genomic architecture, sexual selection, and reproductive isolation; and (vii) suggest fruitful directions for future functional and evolutionary analyses of PEMS.
Topics: Acrosome Reaction; Animals; Ejaculation; Male; Sperm Capacitation; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 31737992
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12569 -
Journal of Insect Physiology Apr 2021Almost all Lepidoptera produce two kinds of spermatozoa, a typical nucleated spermatozoön and an anucleate one. Inactive in the male prior to ejaculation, both of these...
Almost all Lepidoptera produce two kinds of spermatozoa, a typical nucleated spermatozoön and an anucleate one. Inactive in the male prior to ejaculation, both of these spermatozoa become motile upon ejaculation and move to the female's sperm storage organ. This study shows that in several phylogenetically and morphologically diverse species of Lepidoptera, the anucleate spermatozoa, or parasperm (also known as apyrene spermatozoa), and the nucleated spermatozoa, or eusperm (also known as eupyrene spermatozoa), are activated by a protein of approximately 37.7 kDa added by a secretion from the male. Although proteases have been shown to activate these parasperm, inhibitors of proteases did not prevent activation of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta, parasperm, even at well over normal working concentrations of the inhibitors. Parasperm could also be activated by an ionophore, indicating that a trans-membrane ionic event is involved. In contrast to parasperm, eusperm are first ejaculated as bundles of 256 spermatozoa. This study identified a male protein of similar molecular weight that dissociates the eusperm from the bundles, but that is sensitive to proteases. Based on these characteristics, the activators of both types of spermatozoa appear to be different from the initiatorin imputed to be the activator of commercial silkmoth, Bombyx mori, spermatozoa. The role of these proteins in these unique modes of lepidopterous sperm activation may have been adapted from other roles in other kinds of insects, and indicates especially an important function of parasperm in the reproductive physiology and/or behavior of female lepidopterans.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Male; Manduca; Moths; Species Specificity; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 33582103
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104201 -
Chinese Medical Journal Oct 2019Premature ejaculation (PE) is regarded as one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions. This review introduced several pharmaceutical and surgical methods for the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Premature ejaculation (PE) is regarded as one of the most common male sexual dysfunctions. This review introduced several pharmaceutical and surgical methods for the management of PE. The definition, etiology, behavioral, and psychological therapy of PE were also discussed.
DATA SOURCES
"Premature," "ejaculation," or "sexual dysfuction" were used as the medical subject headings (MeSH) to obtain relevant articles before June 2019 on Pubmed, Google Scholar and CNKI. Most articles used were written in English and several Chinese articles were also cited.
STUDY SELECTION
Full-text articles of retrospective/prospective/randomized controlled trials were analyzed. Animal experiments and letters were excluded.
RESULTS
There are four PE sub-types: lifelong PE, acquired PE, natural variable PE, and subjective PE. Behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, medication, topical anesthetics, and surgery are currently used for the treatment of PE. However, all the above treatments have limitations. Therefore, novel ways should be investigated to more efficiently control PE.
CONCLUSIONS
The pharmaceutical therapy that is currently being used in clinical practice for the management of PE is still the main choice globally due to its good efficacy. Surgery may be a choice for patients who are resistant to medication. However, it should be performed cautiously.
Topics: Cryosurgery; Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Premature Ejaculation; Radiofrequency Ablation
PubMed: 31567373
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000433 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Apr 1992In summary, important events of ejaculation include emission of sperm and the accessory gland fluids into the urethra, simultaneous closure of the bladder neck, and... (Review)
Review
In summary, important events of ejaculation include emission of sperm and the accessory gland fluids into the urethra, simultaneous closure of the bladder neck, and forceful ejaculation of the combined semen through the urethra. Emission and bladder neck closure are primarily alpha-adrenergically mediated thoracolumbar sympathetic reflex events with supraspinal modulation. Ejaculation is a sacralspinal reflex mediated by the pudendal nerve. In stallions, the most common ejaculation disorders are emission and ejaculation failure, and urine contamination of semen. Rare disorders are azoospermia and premature ejaculation. In a large percentage of cases, an ejaculation appears to be a result of musculoskeletal disorders or to be psychogenic in nature rather than attributable to specific ejaculatory dysfunction. Traditional therapeutic approaches for accommodating deficits can extend the breeding life of many stallions. Pharmacologic aids may be useful.
Topics: Animals; Ejaculation; Erectile Dysfunction; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male
PubMed: 1576554
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30466-2 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Jan 2020
Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Bupropion; Dysthymic Disorder; Ejaculation; Humans; Male
PubMed: 31917530
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.19l02453