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The Nursing Clinics of North America Jun 2019Emerging infectious diseases (EID) and reemerging infectious diseases are increasing globally. Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans through direct... (Review)
Review
Emerging infectious diseases (EID) and reemerging infectious diseases are increasing globally. Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact or through food, water, and the environment. Vector-borne diseases are major sources of mortality and morbidity globally. Three mosquito-borne viruses are yellow fever, chikungunya virus, and dengue virus. Recent EIDs include Candida auris, Elizabethkingia anopheles, The Lone Star tick, and avian influenza H7N2. In addition, mcr-1 may contribute to the dissemination of drug resistance to gram-negative bacteria. Nurses play a major role in the identification and prevention of EID within health care settings.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Communicable Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nurse's Role; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31027668
DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.006 -
Microorganisms Aug 2019The genus has recently emerged as a cause of life-threatening infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Several new species in the genus have... (Review)
Review
The genus has recently emerged as a cause of life-threatening infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Several new species in the genus have been proposed in the last decade. Numerous studies have indicated that , rather than , is the most prevalent pathogen in this genus. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems with an extended spectrum database could reliably identify and , but they are unable to distinguish the remaining species. Precise species identification relies on molecular techniques, such as housekeeping gene sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. These microorganisms are usually susceptible to minocycline but resistant to most β-lactams, β-lactam/β-lactam inhibitors, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. They often exhibit variable susceptibility to piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Accordingly, treatment should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Target gene mutations are markedly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Knowledge on the genomic characteristics provides valuable insights into in these emerging pathogens.
PubMed: 31466280
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090295 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jan 2020Septicaemia likely results in high case-fatality rates in the present multidrug-resistant (MDR) era. Amongst them are hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and... (Review)
Review
Septicaemia likely results in high case-fatality rates in the present multidrug-resistant (MDR) era. Amongst them are hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), two frequent fatal septicaemic entities amongst hospitalised patients. We reviewed the PubMed database to identify the common organisms implicated in HAP/VAP, to explore the respective risk factors, and to find the appropriate antibiotic choice. Apart from methicillin-resistant and , extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae spp., MDR or extensively drug-resistant (XDR)- complex spp., followed by , , and are ranked as the top Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) implicated in HAP/VAP. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae notably emerged as an important concern in HAP/VAP. The above-mentioned pathogens have respective risk factors involved in their acquisition. In the present XDR era, tigecycline, colistin, and ceftazidime-avibactam are antibiotics effective against the carbapenemase and oxacillinase producers amongst the Enterobacteriaceae isolates implicated in HAP/VAP. Antibiotic combination regimens are recommended in the treatment of MDR/XDR- or complex isolates. Some special patient populations need prolonged courses (>7-day) and/or a combination regimen of antibiotic therapy. Implementation of an antibiotic stewardship policy and the measures recommended by the United States (US) Institute for Healthcare were shown to decrease the incidence rates of HAP/VAP substantially.
PubMed: 31963877
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010275 -
Microorganisms Apr 2022spp. is a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium that has been identified as the causal agent for a variety of conditions such as meningitis, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis,... (Review)
Review
spp. is a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium that has been identified as the causal agent for a variety of conditions such as meningitis, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, endophthalmitis, and sepsis and is emerging as a global threat including in Southeast Asia. infections tend to be associated with high mortality rates (18.2-41%) and are mostly observed in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Difficulties in precisely identifying at the species level by traditional methods have hampered our understanding of this genus in human infections. In Southeast Asian countries, hospital outbreaks have usually been ascribed to , whereas in Singapore, was reported as the main spp. associated with hospital settings. Misidentification of spp. could, however, underestimate the number of cases attributed to the bacterium, as precise identification requires tools such as MALDI-TOF MS, and particularly whole-genome sequencing, which are not available in most hospital laboratories. spp. has an unusual antibiotic resistance pattern for a Gram-negative bacterium with a limited number of horizontal gene transfers, which suggests an intrinsic origin for its multidrug resistance. Efforts to prevent and further understand spp. infections and limit its spread must rise to this new challenge.
PubMed: 35630327
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050882 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jan 2016
Topics: Flavobacteriaceae; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 27057563
DOI: 10.3201/eid2201.et2201 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Oct 2017
Topics: Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Flavobacteriaceae
PubMed: 29488591
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182017000500485 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021(1) : spp. is an emerging nosocomial pathogen which causes mostly blood stream infection and nosocomial pneumonia. Among species, is the major pathogen, but...
(1) : spp. is an emerging nosocomial pathogen which causes mostly blood stream infection and nosocomial pneumonia. Among species, is the major pathogen, but misidentification as is a common problem. also possesses broad antibiotic resistance, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of the infection. The aim of our study was to review intra-abdominal infections and investigate resistance mechanisms against TMP/SMX in by whole genome sequencing. (2) : We retrospectively searched records of patients with intra-abdominal infection between 1990 and 2019. We also conducted whole genome sequencing for a TMP/SMX-resistant to identify possible mechanisms of resistance. (3) : We identified a total of nine cases of intra-abdominal infection in a review of the literature, including our own case. The cases included three biliary tract infections, three CAPD-related infection, two with infected ascites, and two postoperation infections. Host factor, indwelling-catheter, and previous invasive procedure, including surgery, play important roles in infection. Removal of the catheter is crucial for successful treatment. Genomic analysis revealed accumulated mutations leading to TMP/SMX-resistance in . (4) : Patients with underlying disease and indwelling catheter are more susceptible to intra-abdominal infection, and successful treatment requires removal of the catheter. The emerging resistance to TMP/SMX may be related to accumulated mutations in .
PubMed: 33572268
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020173 -
Malaria Journal May 2021Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in...
BACKGROUND
Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater solution.
METHODS
Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks.
RESULTS
Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices.
CONCLUSIONS
This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Bacteria; Microbiota; Mosquito Vectors; Preservation, Biological; South Africa; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 34022891
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03754-7 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022has recently gained global attention and is emerging as a cause of life-threatening nosocomial infections. The present study aimed to investigate the association...
has recently gained global attention and is emerging as a cause of life-threatening nosocomial infections. The present study aimed to investigate the association between antimicrobial resistance and the ability to form biofilm among isolated from hospitalized patients in China. Over 10 years, a total of 197 non-duplicate strains were collected. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the standard agar dilution method as a reference assay according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The biofilm formation ability was assessed using a culture microtiter plate method, which was determined using a crystal violet assay. Culture plate results were cross-checked by scanning electron microscopy imaging analysis. Among the 197 isolates, all were multidrug-resistant, and 20 were extensively drug-resistant. Clinical showed high resistance to current antibiotics, and 99% of the isolates were resistant to at least seven antibiotics. The resistance rate for aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefepime, and tetracycline was high as 100%, 99%, 99%, 99%, 99%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. However, the isolates exhibited the highest susceptibility to minocycline (100%), doxycycline (96%), and rifampin (94%). The biofilm formation results revealed that all strains could form biofilm. Among them, the proportions of strong, medium, and weak biofilm-forming strains were 41%, 42%, and 17%, respectively. Furthermore, the strains forming strong or moderate biofilm presented a statistically significant higher resistance than the weak formers (p < 0.05), especially for piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. Although was notoriously resistant to large antibiotics, minocycline, doxycycline, and rifampin showed potent activity against this pathogen. The data in the present report revealed a positive association between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, which will provide a foundation for improved therapeutic strategies against infections in the future.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Cefepime; Doxycycline; Flavobacteriaceae; Humans; Minocycline; Piperacillin; Rifampin
PubMed: 35967866
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953780 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Feb 2021We aimed to determine susceptibilities of Elizabethkingia spp. to 25 commonly tested and 8 novel antibiotics, and to compare the performance of different susceptibility...
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to determine susceptibilities of Elizabethkingia spp. to 25 commonly tested and 8 novel antibiotics, and to compare the performance of different susceptibility testing methods.
METHODS
Clinical isolates of Elizabethkingia spp., Chryseobacterium spp. and Flavobacterium spp. collected during 2002-18 (n = 210) in a nationwide surveillance programme in Taiwan were speciated by 16S rRNA sequencing. MICs were determined by broth microdilution. The broth microdilution results of 18 common antibiotics were compared with those obtained by the VITEK 2 automated system.
RESULTS
Among the Elizabethkingia spp. identified (n = 108), Elizabethkingia anophelis was the most prevalent (n = 90), followed by Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (n = 7) and Elizabethkingia miricola cluster [E. miricola (n = 6), Elizabethkingia bruuniana (n = 3) and Elizabethkingia ursingii (n = 2)]. Most isolates were recovered from respiratory or blood specimens from hospitalized, elderly patients. PFGE showed two major and several minor E. anophelis clones. All isolates were resistant to nearly all the tested β-lactams. Doxycycline, minocycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole inhibited >90% of Elizabethkingia spp. Rifampin inhibited E. meningoseptica (100%) and E. anophelis (81.1%). Fluoroquinolones and tigecycline were active against E. meningoseptica and E. miricola cluster isolates. Novel antibiotics, including imipenem/relebactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, cefepime/zidebactam, delafloxacin, eravacycline and omadacycline were ineffective but lascufloxacin inhibited half of Elizabethkingia spp. The very major discrepancy rates of VITEK 2 were >1.5% for ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and vancomycin. Major discrepancy rates were >3% for amikacin, tigecycline, piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
CONCLUSIONS
MDR, absence of standard interpretation criteria and poor intermethod concordance necessitate working guidelines to facilitate future research of emerging Elizabethkingia spp.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Flavobacteriaceae; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Taiwan
PubMed: 33258923
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa499