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Fertility and Sterility Nov 2020Embryo evaluation and selection embody the aggregate manifestation of the entire in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. It aims to choose the "best" embryos from the... (Review)
Review
Embryo evaluation and selection embody the aggregate manifestation of the entire in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. It aims to choose the "best" embryos from the larger cohort of fertilized oocytes, the majority of which will be determined to be not viable either as a result of abnormal development or due to chromosomal imbalances. Indeed, it is generally acknowledged that even after embryo selection based on morphology, time-lapse microscopic photography, or embryo biopsy with preimplantation genetic testing, implantation rates in the human are difficult to predict. Our pursuit of enhancing embryo evaluation and selection, as well as increasing live birth rates, will require the adoption of novel technologies. Recently, several artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods have emerged as objective, standardized, and efficient tools for evaluating human embryos. Moreover, AI-based methods can be implemented for other clinical aspects of IVF, such as assessing patient reproductive potential and individualizing gonadotropin stimulation protocols. As AI has the capability to analyze "big" data, the ultimate goal will be to apply AI tools to the analysis of all embryological, clinical, and genetic data in an effort to provide patient-tailored treatments. In this chapter, we present an overview of existing AI technologies in reproductive medicine and envision their potential future applications in the field.
Topics: Animals; Artificial Intelligence; Embryo Implantation; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryology; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Preimplantation Diagnosis
PubMed: 33160513
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.157 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2021Craniofacial development, one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, features a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population... (Review)
Review
Craniofacial development, one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, features a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the neural crest (NC). Neural crest cells (NCCs) originate from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube and migrate along pre-determined routes into the developing branchial arches and frontonasal plate. The exceptional rates of proliferation and migration of NCCs enable their diverse contribution to a wide variety of craniofacial structures. Subsequent differentiation of these cells gives rise to cartilage, bones, and a number of mesenchymally-derived tissues. Deficiencies in any stage of differentiation can result in facial clefts and abnormalities associated with craniofacial syndromes. A small number of conserved signaling pathways are involved in controlling NC differentiation and craniofacial development. They are used in a reiterated fashion to help define precise temporospatial cell and tissue formation. Although many aspects of their cellular and molecular control have yet to be described, it is clear that together they form intricately integrated signaling networks required for spatial orientation and developmental stability and plasticity, which are hallmarks of craniofacial development. Mutations that affect the functions of these signaling pathways are often directly or indirectly identified in congenital syndromes. Clinical applications of NC-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, persistent into adulthood, hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration. Realization of NCC potential for regenerative therapies motivates understanding of the intricacies of cell communication and differentiation that underlie the complexities of NC-derived tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Embryology; Embryonic Development; Face; Humans; Neural Crest; Skull
PubMed: 33723764
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01301-z -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Dec 1992
Topics: Animals; Blastocyst; Branchial Region; Chick Embryo; Extraembryonic Membranes; Extremities; Eye; Feathers; Gastrula; History, 20th Century
PubMed: 1304821
DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001950404 -
Developmental Biology Jun 2021
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryology; Humans; Stem Cells; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 33753081
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.007 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018With the growing recognition of the extent and prevalence of human cerebellar disorders, an understanding of developmental programs that build the mature cerebellum is... (Review)
Review
With the growing recognition of the extent and prevalence of human cerebellar disorders, an understanding of developmental programs that build the mature cerebellum is necessary. In this chapter we present an overview of the basic epochs and key molecular regulators of the developmental programs of cerebellar development. These include early patterning of the cerebellar territory, the genesis of cerebellar cells from multiple spatially distinct germinal zones, and the extensive migration and coordinated cellular rearrangements that result in the formation of the exquisitely foliated and laminated mature cerebellum. This knowledge base is founded on extensive analysis of animal models, particularly mice, due in large part to the ease of genetic manipulation of this important model organism. Since cerebellar structure and function are largely conserved across species, mouse cerebellar development is highly relevant to humans and has led to important insights into the developmental pathogenesis of human cerebellar disorders. Human fetal cerebellar development remains largely undescribed; however, several human-specific developmental features are known which are relevant to human disease and underline the importance of ongoing human fetal research.
Topics: Animals; Cerebellum; Embryology; Humans; Neurons
PubMed: 29903446
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63956-1.00002-3 -
Journal of Anatomy Apr 2018
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Anatomy; Developmental Biology; Embryology; Humans
PubMed: 29504123
DOI: 10.1111/joa.12804 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S May 2004
Topics: Humans; Mutation; Teratology
PubMed: 15190458
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2004205499 -
Developmental Biology Jun 2021Embryonic tissue boundaries are critical to not only cement newly patterned structures during development, but also to serve as organizing centers for subsequent rounds... (Review)
Review
Embryonic tissue boundaries are critical to not only cement newly patterned structures during development, but also to serve as organizing centers for subsequent rounds of morphogenesis. Although this latter role is especially difficult to study in vivo, synthetic embryology offers a new vantage point and fresh opportunities. In this review, we cover recent progress towards understanding and controlling in vitro boundaries and how they impact synthetic model systems. A key point this survey highlights is that the outcome of self-organization is strongly dependent on the boundary imposed, and new insight into the complex functions of embryonic boundaries will be necessary to create better self-organizing tissues for basic science, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryology; Extracellular Matrix; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 33587913
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.017 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Apr 2022
Topics: Embryo Implantation; Embryology; Humans; Italy; Oogenesis; Reproduction
PubMed: 35467239
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02482-4 -
Endocrinology Oct 2015
Topics: Boston; Congresses as Topic; Embryology; Endocrine System; Endocrinology; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Fetal Development; Homeostasis; Hormones; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 26241074
DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1671