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Current Opinion in Psychology Oct 2017Influential theories suggest emotional feeling states arise from physiological changes from within the body. Interoception describes the afferent signalling, central... (Review)
Review
Influential theories suggest emotional feeling states arise from physiological changes from within the body. Interoception describes the afferent signalling, central processing, and neural and mental representation of internal bodily signals. Recent progress is made in conceptualizing interoception and its neural underpinnings. These developments are supported by empirical data concerning interoceptive mechanisms and their contribution to emotion. Fresh insights include description of short-term interoceptive effects on neural and mental processes (including fear-specific cardiac effects), the recognition of dissociable psychological dimensions of interoception, and models of interoceptive predictive coding that explain emotions and selfhood (reinforced by structural anatomical models and brain and experimental findings). This growing grasp of interoception is enriching our understanding of emotion and its disorders.
Topics: Brain; Emotions; Humans; Interoception
PubMed: 28950976
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.020 -
Trends in Neurosciences Oct 2016'Emotional intelligence' (EI) is one of the most highly used psychological terms in popular nomenclature, yet its construct, divergent, and predictive validities are... (Review)
Review
'Emotional intelligence' (EI) is one of the most highly used psychological terms in popular nomenclature, yet its construct, divergent, and predictive validities are contentiously debated. Despite this debate, the EI construct is composed of a set of emotional abilities - recognizing emotional states in the self and others, using emotions to guide thought and behavior, understanding how emotions shape behavior, and emotion regulation - that undoubtedly influence important social and personal outcomes. In this review, evidence from human lesion studies is reviewed in order to provide insight into the necessary brain regions for each of these core emotional abilities. Critically, we consider how this neuropsychological evidence might help to guide efforts to define and measure EI.
Topics: Animals; Behavior; Brain; Emotional Intelligence; Emotions; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 27647325
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.08.007 -
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) Feb 2020Where do individual differences in emotion regulation come from? This review examines theoretical and empirical evidence describing the role that personality traits play... (Review)
Review
Where do individual differences in emotion regulation come from? This review examines theoretical and empirical evidence describing the role that personality traits play in shaping individuals' intrapersonal and interpersonal regulation styles. We define and delineate personality traits and emotion regulation and summarize empirical relations between them. Specifically, we review research on the Big Five personality traits in relation to each stage of Gross' (2015) extended process model of emotion regulation. In doing so, we document evidence concerning the relationships between personality traits and three key stages of emotion regulation, namely, identification (i.e., choosing which emotions to regulate), selection (i.e., choosing a broad regulatory approach), and implementation (i.e., adopting specific regulatory tactics). Finally, we make recommendations for future research that we hope will guide researchers in building a systematic understanding of how personality traits shape intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Humans; Personality
PubMed: 31961180
DOI: 10.1037/emo0000644 -
Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2018Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating disorder, linked to profound mental, physical, occupational, and functional impairment. In addition, it is a highly... (Review)
Review
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating disorder, linked to profound mental, physical, occupational, and functional impairment. In addition, it is a highly complex disorder, characterized by symptom heterogeneity across multiple domains. Nevertheless, emotion dysregulation arising from the exaggerated response to threat or from the inability to regulate negative emotional states plays a defining role in the pathophysiology of PTSD. In order to improve our understanding of how emotion dysregulation manifests in this illness, functional neuroimaging research over the past 20 years provides great insight into underlying neuroanatomy of each component of emotion dysregulation in the context of PTSD. While prior reviews exist on the topic of neuroimaging findings in PTSD, the present review synthesizes that work through the lens of emotion and its regulation. Studies that employed tasks of emotional responding and symptom provocation, implicit regulation (e.g., emotional Stroop and interference), explicit regulation (e.g., cognitive reappraisal), and fear conditioning/extinction were reviewed. Findings demonstrate that emotion dysregulation in PTSD arises from complications within a large neurocircuitry involving the amygdala, insula, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex. Although an exaggerated response in the amygdala and insula to negative emotional triggers is pervasive, PTSD is also marked by deficient appraisal, resolution, and management of negative emotional states subserved by the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex during regulation. These findings further support the importance of studying emotion-regulation deficits in tandem with exaggerated symptom provocation in order to better understand the constellation of symptoms present in those with PTSD.
Topics: Emotions; Executive Function; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Self-Control; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 29734226
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000185 -
Psychiatria Polska Dec 2021A review of the literature on emotion regulation in binge eating disorder (BED) published both in English and Polish between 1990 and 2020. BED might be considered as an... (Review)
Review
A review of the literature on emotion regulation in binge eating disorder (BED) published both in English and Polish between 1990 and 2020. BED might be considered as an impulsive and compulsive disorder associated with altered reward sensitivity and food-related attentional bias. The growing body of research indicated that there were corticostriatal circuitry alterations in BED, comparable to those observed in substance abuse, including altered function of orbitofrontal, prefrontal and insular cortices with the striatum included. Negative emotions and deficits in their regulation play a significant role in BED. Processing of anger, anxiety and sadness appear to be particularly important in this disorder. Research results identified an increase in negative emotions preceding episodes of binge eating. However, there is still inconsistency when it comes to whether these episodes alleviate negative affect. Individuals with BED more often use non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination and suppression of negative sensations. Whereas adaptive ones, for instance, cognitive reappraisal, are used less often. Clinical implications, besides pharmacology, highlight the high effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E), dialectic-behavioral therapy (DBT) and psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of emotional dysregulation in BED. Further studies, including ecological momentary assessment (EMA), should focus on emotional changes related to the binge cycle and the identification of reinforcing factors of BED.
Topics: Binge-Eating Disorder; Bulimia; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Humans; Impulsive Behavior
PubMed: 35472237
DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/122212 -
Neuroscience Letters Feb 2019We cannot help but impute emotions to the behaviors of others, and constantly infer not only what others are feeling, but also why they feel that way. The comprehension... (Review)
Review
We cannot help but impute emotions to the behaviors of others, and constantly infer not only what others are feeling, but also why they feel that way. The comprehension of other people's emotional states is computationally complex and difficult, requiring the flexible, context-sensitive deployment of cognitive operations that encompass rapid orienting to, and recognition of, emotionally salient cues; classification of emotions into culturally-learned categories; and using an abstract theory of mind to reason about what caused the emotion, what future actions the person might be planning, and what we should do next in response. This review summarizes what neuroscience data - primarily functional neuroimaging data - has so far taught us about the cognitive architecture enabling emotion understanding in its various forms.
Topics: Brain; Cues; Emotions; Empathy; Fear; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans
PubMed: 28624265
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.018 -
Neuron Oct 2005Research on the neural systems underlying emotion in animal models over the past two decades has implicated the amygdala in fear and other emotional processes. This work... (Review)
Review
Research on the neural systems underlying emotion in animal models over the past two decades has implicated the amygdala in fear and other emotional processes. This work stimulated interest in pursuing the brain mechanisms of emotion in humans. Here, we review research on the role of the amygdala in emotional processes in both animal models and humans. The review is not exhaustive, but it highlights five major research topics that illustrate parallel roles for the amygdala in humans and other animals, including implicit emotional learning and memory, emotional modulation of memory, emotional influences on attention and perception, emotion and social behavior, and emotion inhibition and regulation.
Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Attention; Behavior; Brain Mapping; Emotions; Fear; Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Models, Animal; Perception
PubMed: 16242399
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Nov 2022Older adults report surprisingly positive affective experience. The idea that older adults are better at emotion regulation has emerged as an intuitively appealing... (Review)
Review
Older adults report surprisingly positive affective experience. The idea that older adults are better at emotion regulation has emerged as an intuitively appealing explanation for why they report such high levels of affective well-being despite other age-related declines. In this article, I review key theories and current evidence on age differences in the use and effectiveness of emotion-regulation strategies from a range of studies, including laboratory-based and experience sampling. These studies do not yet provide consistent evidence for age differences in emotion regulation and thus do not clearly support the assertion that older adults are better at emotion regulation. However, current approaches may be limited in describing and testing possible age-related changes in emotion regulation. Future work will need to more directly investigate individual trajectories of stability and change in emotion-regulation strategy use and effectiveness over time and also consider the possible roles of context, physiological reactivity, neural changes, acceptance, and personality.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Aging; Personality
PubMed: 35605229
DOI: 10.1177/17456916211059819 -
Neuropsychologia Aug 2020From the perspective of constructivist theories, emotion results from learning assemblies of relevant perceptual, cognitive, interoceptive, and motor processes in...
From the perspective of constructivist theories, emotion results from learning assemblies of relevant perceptual, cognitive, interoceptive, and motor processes in specific situations. Across emotional experiences over time, learned assemblies of processes accumulate in memory that later underlie emotional experiences in similar situations. A neuroimaging experiment guided participants to experience (and thus learn) situated forms of emotion, and then assessed whether participants tended to experience situated forms of the emotion later. During the initial learning phase, some participants immersed themselves in vividly imagined fear and anger experiences involving physical harm, whereas other participants immersed themselves in vividly imagined fear and anger experiences involving negative social evaluation. In the subsequent testing phase, both learning groups experienced fear and anger while their neural activity was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A variety of results indicated that the physical and social learning groups incidentally learned different situated forms of a given emotion. Consistent with constructivist theories, these findings suggest that learning plays a central role in emotion, with emotion adapted to the situations in which it is experienced.
Topics: Adult; Anger; Cognition; Emotions; Fear; Female; Humans; Learning; Memory; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 29330097
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.008 -
Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Mar 2022The ability to regulate one's emotions is foundational for healthy development and functioning in a multitude of domains, whereas difficulties in emotional regulation... (Review)
Review
The ability to regulate one's emotions is foundational for healthy development and functioning in a multitude of domains, whereas difficulties in emotional regulation are recognized as a risk factor for a range of adverse outcomes in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Caregivers play a key role in cultivating the development of emotion regulation through coregulation, or the processes by which they provide external support or scaffolding as children navigate their emotional experiences. The vast majority of research to date has examined coregulation in the context of caregiver-child dyads. In this paper, we consider emotion regulation and coregulation as family-level processes that unfold within and across multiple family subsystems and explore how triadic and whole family interactions may contribute to the development of children's emotion regulation skills. Furthermore, we will examine the implications of a family-centered perspective on emotion regulation for prevention of and intervention for childhood emotional and behavioral disorders. Because emotion regulation skills undergo such dramatic maturation during children's first several years of life, much of our focus will be on coregulation within and across the family system during early childhood; however, as many prevention and intervention approaches are geared toward school-aged children and adolescents, we will also devote some attention to later developmental periods.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Caregivers; Child; Child, Preschool; Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Humans; Mental Disorders; Parent-Child Relations
PubMed: 35098427
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00378-4