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Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Feb 2022
Topics: Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Employment; Humans
PubMed: 35224601
DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.20229 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Being unemployed has been linked to various health burdens. In particular, there appears to be an association between unemployment and alcohol-attributable deaths.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Being unemployed has been linked to various health burdens. In particular, there appears to be an association between unemployment and alcohol-attributable deaths. However, risk estimates presented in a previous review were based on only two studies. Thus, we estimated updated sex-stratified alcohol-attributable mortality risks for unemployed compared with employed individuals. A systematic literature search was conducted in August 2020 using the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The relative risk (RR) of dying from an alcohol-attributable cause of death for unemployed compared with employed individuals was summarized using sex-stratified random-effects DerSimonian-Laird meta-analyses. A total of 10 studies were identified, comprising about 14.4 million women and 19.0 million men, among whom there were about 3147 and 17,815 alcohol-attributable deaths, respectively. The pooled RRs were 3.64 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.04-6.66) and 4.93 (95% CI 3.45-7.05) for women and men, respectively. The findings of our quantitative synthesis provide evidence that being unemployed is associated with an over three-fold higher risk of alcohol-attributable mortality compared with being employed. Consequently, a global public health strategy connecting brief interventions and specialized care with social services assisting those currently unemployed is needed.
Topics: Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Unemployment
PubMed: 35742600
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127354 -
AIDS and Behavior Oct 2020Employment is a social determinant of health that is important for understanding health behaviors, health outcomes and HIV transmission among people living with HIV.... (Review)
Review
Employment is a social determinant of health that is important for understanding health behaviors, health outcomes and HIV transmission among people living with HIV. This study is a scoping review of the literature that addresses (a) the relationship between employment and the HIV continuum of care, (b) determinants of employment among PLWH and (c) experiences with employment. We searched two databases, PubMed and Embase, and identified a total of 5622 articles that were subjected to title and abstract review. Of these, 5387 were excluded, leaving 235 articles for full-text review. A total of 66 articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The literature suggests that employment status is positively associated with HIV testing, linkage to HIV care, retention in HIV care, and HIV medication adherence. Guided by a social-ecological framework, we identified determinants of employment at the individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels that are amenable to public health intervention. Experiences with employment, including barriers, facilitators, advantages, disadvantages, and needs, provide additional insight for future research and programs.
Topics: Continuity of Patient Care; Employment; HIV Infections; Health Behavior; Humans; Medication Adherence; Return to Work; Social Determinants of Health; Social Environment
PubMed: 32246357
DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02845-x -
Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills,... Jun 2023Multiple Sclerosis (MS) affects people in their most productive years of life. Consequently, MS can substantially affect employment and work-related outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) affects people in their most productive years of life. Consequently, MS can substantially affect employment and work-related outcomes.
OBJECTIVES
This study characterizes productivity loss and employment status of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and investigates associated factors.
METHODS
We used baseline data collected as part of the Canadian Prospective Cohort Study to Understand Progression in Multiple Sclerosis (CanProCo). Using the Valuation of Lost Productivity questionnaire, we measured MS-related paid work productivity loss for those employed, productivity losses incurred by those unemployed (i.e. lost employment time), and unpaid work productivity losses for all. A set of sociodemographic, disease, and performance-related factors were investigated using a two-part regression model for productivity loss and a multinomial logistic model for employment status.
RESULTS
From the cohort of 888 pwMS enrolled at baseline (mostly showing mild to moderate disability), 75% were employed, and of those unemployed, 69% attributed their unemployment to health-related issues. Total productivity loss over a 3-month period averaged 64 and 395 hours for those employed and unemployed, respectively. Some factors that affected productivity loss and employment status included use of disease-modifying therapies, fatigue, and performance indicators such as cognitive processing speed.
CONCLUSION
Productivity loss experienced by employed and unemployed pwMS is substantial. Targeting the identified modifiable factors is likely to improve work productivity and permanence of MS patients in the workforce.
Topics: Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Prospective Studies; Canada; Employment; Unemployment
PubMed: 37060245
DOI: 10.1177/13524585231164295 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2021Mixed findings in the literature on the effects of older adult employment on well-being and the reciprocal influence of well-being on employment suggest the need for...
Mixed findings in the literature on the effects of older adult employment on well-being and the reciprocal influence of well-being on employment suggest the need for more careful methodology in teasing out this relationship. Moreover, as previous research has shown that different domains of well-being relate to constructs differently, more nuanced definitions of well-being may be appropriate. The present study examined the longitudinal bidirectional associations of employment and different domains of well-being, controlling for stable within-person variables. The present study sampled older adults from the Midlife Development in the US study at three timepoints on employment status and well-being, specifically psychological, social, and subjective well-being. A Random-Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) approach was employed to determine the longitudinal bidirectional influence of employment and domains of well-being. Results showed that employment status was not associated with various well-being domains at a later time point. Results also showed that greater well-being, specifically in meaningfulness of society and personal growth, was associated with being employed at a later time point.
Topics: Aged; Employment; Humans; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 34886258
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312533 -
Journal of Health and Social Behavior Mar 2022Our study bridges literatures on the health effects of job loss and life course employment trajectories to evaluate the selection into employment pathways and their...
Our study bridges literatures on the health effects of job loss and life course employment trajectories to evaluate the selection into employment pathways and their associations with health in the short and medium terms. We apply sequence analysis to monthly employment calendars from a population-based sample of working-age women and men observed from 2009 to 2013 (N = 737). We identify six distinct employment status clusters: stable full-time employment, stable part-time employment, stably being out of the labor force, long-term unemployment, transition out of the labor force, and unstable full-time employment. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and health at baseline, those who transitioned out of the labor force showed significantly poorer self-rated health at follow-up, whereas steadily part-time employed respondents still showed a greater risk of meeting criteria for major or minor depression. The findings have important implications for how social scientists conceptualize and model the relationship between employment status and health.
Topics: Adult; Economic Recession; Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Unemployment
PubMed: 35180371
DOI: 10.1177/00221465211054045 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Nov 2021COVID-19 has led to soaring unemployment rates and the widespread adoption of working-from-home (WFH) arrangements that have disrupted family relationships and...
PURPOSE
COVID-19 has led to soaring unemployment rates and the widespread adoption of working-from-home (WFH) arrangements that have disrupted family relationships and adolescent psychological well-being. This longitudinal study investigated how parental employment status (i.e., job loss and WFH) influenced adolescents' daily affect indirectly through family functioning (i.e., parent-adolescent conflict and parental warmth) and whether these links varied by family's socioeconomic status.
METHODS
Daily-diary approaches were used to collect dyadic parent-adolescent data from a nationwide American sample (6,524 daily assessments from 447 parent-adolescent dyads; 45% black, 36% white, 10% Latinx, 7% Asian American, 2% Native American) over the course of 15 consecutive days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS
Parents who experienced job loss demonstrated increases in parent-child conflict, which in turn predicted decreases in child positive affect and increases in child negative affect. Furthermore, parents' WFH status predicted increases in parental warmth, which in turn predicted increases in child positive affect and decreases in child negative affect. Parents of low-income families were more likely to experience job loss (24% vs. 13%) and less likely to WFH (44% vs. 73%) than middle-high income parents.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents from families facing economic hardship and employment shifts during COVID-19 experienced changes in parent-child relational dynamics that influenced their emotional well-being. Recognizing these shifts in family ecology is critical to health providers' ability to screen for mental health, assess existing family supports, and provide timely, targeted information about stress management and contending with family conflict.
Topics: Adolescent; COVID-19; Employment; Family Relations; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Pandemics; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; SARS-CoV-2; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 34531094
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.016 -
Brain and Behavior Mar 2021We investigated the rate of employment in patients with functional seizures (FS) in a follow-up study. We also investigated the rate of receiving disability benefits in...
PURPOSE
We investigated the rate of employment in patients with functional seizures (FS) in a follow-up study. We also investigated the rate of receiving disability benefits in these patients. Finally, we investigated factors that are potentially associated with their employment status.
METHODS
In this long-term study, all patients with FS, who were diagnosed at Shiraz Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Iran, from 2008 to 2018, were investigated. In a phone call interview to the patients in February 2020, we tried to obtain the following information: seizure outcome, employment status, receiving disability benefits, and their current drug regimen, if any. The first call was made in the evening and after working hours. In case of no response, we made two more attempts in the following weeks to contact the patients during different time periods of the day.
RESULTS
Eighty- four patients participated. Thirty-one patients (37%) were employed, and 53 people (63%) were not; at the first visit, the rate of employment was 23%. Female sex (Odds Ratio [OR]: 12.18; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 3.51-42.18; p = .0001), taking psychiatric drugs (OR: 4.93; 95% CI: 1.17-20.73; p = .02), and being employed previously (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-0.77; p = .02) were independently significantly associated with the current employment status. Three patients (4%) reported receiving disability social benefits, two women and one man.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights that unemployment is a serious issue in patients with FS and psychiatric comorbidities play a significant role in the employment status in these patients.
Topics: Employment; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iran; Male; Seizures
PubMed: 33372416
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2016 -
Epidemiology and Health 2021This study explored the effect of employment status on mortality over a 13-year period in Korean men.
OBJECTIVES
This study explored the effect of employment status on mortality over a 13-year period in Korean men.
METHODS
Data were used from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study from 1999 to 2012. This study started with 2,737 subjects and included employed men in good health, aged 30-69 years. Deaths were tracked for 13 years from 2000 to 2012. Employment status classifications were: (1) regular employees, (2) precarious employees, (3) petty bourgeoisie, and (4) employers. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model, and were adjusted for age, education, income, and occupation, with regular employees as the reference category. To examine the effect of employment status and include employment history, the risk ratios of mortality were measured using the Poisson regression model, considering the duration of each employment and using 0 years as the reference category.
RESULTS
Over the course of the 13-year study, being a precarious employee (HR, 1.84) or petty bourgeoisie (HR, 1.87) at a particular point in time had a negative effect on mortality when compared with regular employees. Furthermore, working as precarious employees or petty bourgeoisie had no positive effect on mortality. A positive effect was observed, however, on the overall mortality risk for regular employees.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that a healthy social policy is needed for precarious employees and petty bourgeoisie to avoid disadvantages in the workplace and the social safety net.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Employment; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34412445
DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021055 -
Health & Social Care in the Community Nov 2022Providing higher-intensity unpaid care (higher care hours or care within the household) is associated with negative impacts on people's paid employment, mental health...
Providing higher-intensity unpaid care (higher care hours or care within the household) is associated with negative impacts on people's paid employment, mental health and well-being. The evidence of effects on physical health is mixed and carer's social and financial outcomes have been under-researched. The biggest evidence gap, however, is on how outcomes vary by factors other than type or level of care provision, in particular socio-demographic factors. Our study used two waves of data (2017/19 and 2018/2020) from the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study for people aged 16 and older. We investigated the effects of providing care for 10 or more hours a week or within the household in interaction with people's socio-demographic characteristics. Outcomes included mental and physical health, social isolation, employment status and earnings. We found that caring responsibilities interacted with gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status (as measured by highest educational qualification), or age to affect carers differentially in a number of areas of their lives leading to, and exacerbating, key disadvantages and inequalities.
Topics: Humans; Caregivers; Longitudinal Studies; Employment; Income; Social Isolation; Health Status
PubMed: 36371632
DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14104