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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Aug 1990Interest in mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in humans and animals has greatly increased in recent years. Horses have long been considered very susceptible to molds. The... (Review)
Review
Interest in mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in humans and animals has greatly increased in recent years. Horses have long been considered very susceptible to molds. The signs, treatment, and prevention of several conditions, such as leukoencephalomalacia, aflatoxicosis, ergotism, fescue toxicity, slobbering disease, ryegrass staggers, and moldy sweet clover disease, are discussed.
Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Encephalomalacia; Ergotism; Horse Diseases; Horses; Mycotoxicosis; Poaceae
PubMed: 2202500
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30549-7 -
Neural Plasticity 2021This study introduced new MRI techniques such as neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI); NODDI applies a three-compartment tissue model to multishell...
This study introduced new MRI techniques such as neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI); NODDI applies a three-compartment tissue model to multishell DWI data that allows the examination of both the intra- and extracellular properties of white matter tissue. This, in turn, enables us to distinguish the two key aspects of axonal pathology-the packing density of axons in the white matter and the spatial organization of axons (orientation dispersion (OD)). NODDI is used to detect possible abnormalities of posttraumatic encephalomalacia fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense lesions in neurite density and dispersion. . 26 epilepsy patients associated with FLAIR hyperintensity around the trauma encephalomalacia region were in the epilepsy group. 18 posttraumatic patients with a FLAIR hyperintense encephalomalacia region were in the nonepilepsy group. Neurite density and dispersion affection in FLAIR hyperintense lesions around encephalomalacia were measured by NODDI using intracellular volume fraction (ICVF), and we compare these findings with conventional diffusion MRI parameters, namely, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Differences were compared between the epilepsy and nonepilepsy groups, as well as in the FLAIR hyperintense part and in the FLAIR hypointense part to try to find neurite density and dispersion differences in these parts. . ICVF of FLAIR hyperintense lesions in the epilepsy group was significantly higher than that in the nonepilepsy group ( < 0.001). ICVF reveals more information of FLAIR(+) and FLAIR(-) parts of encephalomalacia than OD and FA and ADC. . The FLAIR hyperintense part around encephalomalacia in the epilepsy group showed higher ICVF, indicating that this part may have more neurite density and dispersion and may be contributing to epilepsy. NODDI indicated high neurite density with the intensity of myelin in the FLAIR hyperintense lesion. Therefore, NODDI likely shows that neurite density may be a more sensitive marker of pathology than FA.
Topics: Adult; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Encephalomalacia; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; White Matter
PubMed: 34754305
DOI: 10.1155/2021/2678379 -
International Journal of Developmental... Jun 2011Brain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury... (Review)
Review
Brain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury involves cerebral white matter and the principal cellular target is the developing oligodendrocyte. The specific phase of the oligodendroglial lineage affected has been defined from study of both human brain and experimental models. This premyelinating cell (pre-OL) is vulnerable because of a series of maturation-dependent events. The pathogenesis of pre-OL injury relates to operation of two upstream mechanisms, hypoxia-ischemia and systemic infection/inflammation, both of which are common occurrences in premature infants. The focus of this review and of our research over the past 15-20 years has been the cellular and molecular bases for the maturation-dependent vulnerability of the pre-OL to the action of the two upstream mechanisms. Three downstream mechanisms have been identified, i.e., microglial activation, excitotoxicity and free radical attack. The work in both experimental models and human brain has identified a remarkable confluence of maturation-dependent factors that render the pre-OL so exquisitely vulnerable to these downstream mechanisms. Most importantly, elucidation of these factors has led to delineation of a series of potential therapeutic interventions, which in experimental models show marked protective properties. The critical next step, i.e., clinical trials in the living infant, is now on the horizon.
Topics: Animals; Brain Injuries; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; Immunity, Innate; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Microglia; Oligodendroglia; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 21382469
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.012 -
Cureus Jan 2022This report presents a rare fetal and neonatal complication brain injury (encephalomalacia and ventriculomegaly) as a consequence of severe fetal anemia resulting from...
This report presents a rare fetal and neonatal complication brain injury (encephalomalacia and ventriculomegaly) as a consequence of severe fetal anemia resulting from Rhesus (Rh) isoimmunization. A 28-year-old gravida 4 para 3 woman was referred at 21+4 weeks of gestation to the fetal medicine clinic as a case of Rh isoimmunization. Fetal ultrasound showed a normal anatomy scan with normal brain structure, but with severe fetal anemia. The patient was treated with multiple intrauterine transfusions, but still developed complications post-transfusions. This case shows that severe cerebral developmental anomalies can occur because of severe fetal anemia secondary to Rh isoimmunization, such as in this case - ventriculomegaly and encephalomalacia. It has been concluded that proper antenatal counseling and early intervention for severe fetal anemia are beneficial to prevent such complications from occurring. It is crucial to consider appropriate antenatal and postnatal radiological imaging for such cases.
PubMed: 35103225
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21450 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... May 2018
Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Autopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalomalacia; Goat Diseases; Goats; Male; Rumen
PubMed: 29641331
DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.9.1067 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2021Faces hold a substantial value for effective social interactions and sharing. Covering faces with masks, due to COVID-19 regulations, may lead to difficulties in using...
Faces hold a substantial value for effective social interactions and sharing. Covering faces with masks, due to COVID-19 regulations, may lead to difficulties in using social signals, in particular, in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. Daily-life social participation of individuals who were born preterm is of immense importance for their quality of life. Here we examined face tuning in individuals (aged 12.79 ± 1.89 years) who were born preterm and exhibited signs of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a dominant form of brain injury in preterm birth survivors. For assessing the face sensitivity in this population, we implemented a recently developed experimental tool, a set of Face-n-Food images bordering on the style of Giuseppe Arcimboldo. The key benefit of these images is that single components do not trigger face processing. Although a coarse face schema is thought to be hardwired in the brain, former preterms exhibit substantial shortages in the face tuning not only compared with typically developing controls but also with individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. The lack of correlations between the face sensitivity and other cognitive abilities indicates that these deficits are domain-specific. This underscores impact of preterm birth sequelae for social functioning at large. Comparison of the findings with data in individuals with other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions provides novel insights into the origins of deficient face processing.
Topics: Adolescent; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Brain; COVID-19; Child; Cognition; Cognitive Neuroscience; Facial Expression; Facial Recognition; Female; Humans; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Quality of Life; Recognition, Psychology; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Social Cognition; Visual Perception
PubMed: 34262075
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93709-4 -
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Aug 2023Leukomalacia is a serious form of neonatal brain injury that often leads to neurodevelopmental impairment, and studies on neonatal leukomalacia and its long-term...
BACKGROUND
Leukomalacia is a serious form of neonatal brain injury that often leads to neurodevelopmental impairment, and studies on neonatal leukomalacia and its long-term outcomes are lacking. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging features, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants and term infants with leukomalacia.
METHODS
Newborns diagnosed with leukomalacia by head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and who were admitted to intensive care units from January 2015 to June 2020 were enrolled. All infants were followed up to June 2022 (2-7 years old), and their neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated. The clinical data and long- term outcomes of preterm infants and term infants was analyzed by Chi-square tests.
RESULTS
A total of 218 surviving infants with leukomalacia including 114 preterm infants and 104 term infants completed the follow-up. The major typesof leukomalacia on MRI were periventricular leukomalacia in the preterm group and subcortical cystic leukomalacia in the term group, respectively (χ = 55.166; p < 0.001). When followed up to 2-7 years old, the incidence of neurodevelopmental impairment in the preterm group and term group was not significantly different (χ = 0.917; p = 0.338). However, the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) in the preterm group was significantly higher (χ = 4.896; p = 0.027), while the incidence of intellectual disability (ID) (χ = 9.445; p = 0.002), epilepsy (EP) (χ = 23.049; p < 0.001), and CP combined with ID andEP (χ = 4.122; p = 0.042) was significantly lower than that in the term group.
CONCLUSIONS
Periventricular leukomalacia mainly occurred in preterm infants while subcortical cystic leukomalacia was commonly seen in term infants. Although the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of leukomalacia were both poor, preterm infants were more prone to CP, while term infants were more prone to ID, EP, and the combination of CP with ID and EP.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Child; Infant, Premature; Cohort Studies; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Cerebral Palsy; Epilepsy
PubMed: 37550616
DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09489-7 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2017Effective synchronisation of infant respiratory effort with mechanical ventilation may allow adequate gas exchange to occur at lower peak airway pressures, potentially... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Effective synchronisation of infant respiratory effort with mechanical ventilation may allow adequate gas exchange to occur at lower peak airway pressures, potentially reducing barotrauma and volutrauma and development of air leaks and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. During neurally adjusted ventilatory assist ventilation (NAVA), respiratory support is initiated upon detection of an electrical signal from the diaphragm muscle, and pressure is provided in proportion to and synchronous with electrical activity of the diaphragm (EADi). Compared to other modes of triggered ventilation, this may provide advantages in improving synchrony.
OBJECTIVES
Primary• To determine whether NAVA, when used as a primary or rescue mode of ventilation, results in reduced rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death among term and preterm newborn infants compared to other forms of triggered ventilation• To assess the safety of NAVA by determining whether it leads to greater risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia, or air leaks when compared to other forms of triggered ventilation Secondary• To determine whether benefits of NAVA differ by gestational age (term or preterm)• To determine whether outcomes of cross-over trials performed during the first two weeks of life include peak pressure requirements, episodes of hypocarbia or hypercarbia, oxygenation index, and the work of breathing SEARCH METHODS: We performed searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cohrane Library; MEDLINE via Ovid SP (January 1966 to March 2017); Embase via Ovid SP (January 1980 to March 2017); the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) via EBSCO host (1982 to March 2017); and the Web of Science (1985 to 2017). We searched abstracts from annual meetings of the Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) (2000 to 2016); meetings of the European Society of Pediatric Research (published in Pediatric Research); and meetings of the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) (2005 to 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases to March 2017.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised and quasi-randomised clinical trials including cross-over trials comparing NAVA with other modes of triggered ventilation (assist control ventilation (ACV),synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support (SIMV ± PS), pressure support ventilation (PSV), or proportional assist ventilation (PAV)) used in neonates.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Primary outcomes of interest from randomised controlled trials were all-cause mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; defined as oxygen requirement at 28 days), and a combined outcome of all-cause mortality or BPD. Secondary outcomes were duration of mechanical ventilation, incidence of air leak, incidence of IVH or periventricular leukomalacia, and survival with an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.Outcomes of interest from cross-over trials were maximum fraction of inspired oxygen, mean peak inspiratory pressure, episodes of hypocarbia, and episodes of hypercarbia measured across the time period of each arm of the cross-over. We planned to assess work of breathing; oxygenation index, and thoraco-abdominal asynchrony at the end of the time period of each arm of the cross-over study.
MAIN RESULTS
We included one randomised controlled study comparing NAVA versus patient-triggered time-cycled pressure-limited ventilation. This study found no significant difference in duration of mechanical ventilation, nor in rates of BPD, pneumothorax, or IVH.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Risks and benefits of NAVA compared to other forms of ventilation for neonates are uncertain. Well-designed trials are required to evaluate this new form of triggered ventilation.
Topics: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Cerebral Intraventricular Hemorrhage; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Interactive Ventilatory Support; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Respiratory Mechanics
PubMed: 29077984
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012251.pub2 -
Seizure Sep 2011Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are common neurological diseases involving the brain parenchyma, and both can result in chronic...
BACKGROUND
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are common neurological diseases involving the brain parenchyma, and both can result in chronic epilepsy. Here, we identified possible variables affecting the prognosis of central nervous system (CNS) infection-related epilepsy.
METHODS
The clinical seizure characteristics and demographic data of 20 TBM- and 55 HSE-related epilepsy patients were compared. Statistically significant prognostic variables were identified using multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
Sex, age at infection, age at epilepsy onset, presence of seizures at the time of infection, latency period, and seizure characteristics between two groups were similar except for the pattern of brain lesions observed on the MRI and their overall prognosis. Patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) only comprised 30% and 52.7% of the TBM and HSE groups, respectively. Encephalomalacia had a positive effect in the HSE group while HS had a negative effect in this group, but no significant effects were found in the TBM group. Through a multiple regression analysis with a correction for group effects, HS was associated with a poor prognosis. However, encephalomalacia was concomitantly associated with a good prognosis. In addition, a short latency period, with a one-year interval, and being male were both associated with a good prognosis, while the age at the onset of epilepsy was associated with a poor prognosis.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that HS and encephalomalacia could have mutual but contradictory effects on the prognosis of CNS infection-related epilepsy.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Encephalomalacia; Epilepsy; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Sclerosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal
PubMed: 21620739
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.04.007 -
Journal of Perinatal Medicine Jul 2023Cerebral palsy, the most common disability in childhood, is a devastating non-progressive ailment of the infants' brain with lifelong sequelae, e.g., spastic paresis,... (Review)
Review
Cerebral palsy, the most common disability in childhood, is a devastating non-progressive ailment of the infants' brain with lifelong sequelae, e.g., spastic paresis, chronic pain, inability to walk, intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, for which there is no cure at present. CP may develop after pediatric brain damage caused, e.g., by hypoxic-ischemia, periventricular leukomalacia, intracranial hemorrhage, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, trauma, stroke, and infection. About 17 million people worldwide live with cerebral palsy as a result of pediatric brain damage. This reflects both the magnitude of the personal, medical, and socioeconomic global burden of this brain disorder and the overt unmet therapeutic needs of the pediatric population. This review will focus on recent preclinical, clinical, and regulatory developments in cell therapy for infantile cerebral palsy by transplantation of cord blood derived mononuclear cells from bench to bedside. The body of evidence suggests that cord blood cell therapy of cerebral palsy in the autologous setting is feasible, effective, and safe, however, adequately powered phase 3 trials are overdue.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Child; Cerebral Palsy; Brain; Stem Cells; Brain Injuries; Leukomalacia, Periventricular; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
PubMed: 36503655
DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0505