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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... May 2020This review is a perspective on the history of Chagas disease, and it adopts a novel approach from literary studies, historical documents and the science and... (Review)
Review
This review is a perspective on the history of Chagas disease, and it adopts a novel approach from literary studies, historical documents and the science and epidemiology of the nature of the disease. From this analysis, comes the review's working definition of the Contact Zone (CZ): "the space in which geographically and historically separated people come into contact with each other and establish long-lasting relationships, which usually involve coercive conditions, radical inequality and intolerable conflict." In the Patient-Physician CZ, we verified the triple transition phenomena: the American trypanosomiasis shifted from a rural, acute, and vectorial transmitted disease to an urban, chronic and non-vectorial disease. In the Academic CZ, we describe the original disagreements which denied the existence of the disease and the current controversies about pathogenic mechanisms and etiological treatment. From the News from Latin America, and in the Original CZ, we will review the evolution of different forms of transmission. As in any good story, research across broad disciplines is necessary to reveal historical perspectives, scientific approaches, and the epidemiology of the disease, which has a prequel of 9000 years and an open ending: thus, we explore across the Global CZ, with its multiple and unexpected actors.
Topics: Animals; Body Remains; Chagas Disease; DNA, Protozoan; Disease Eradication; Disease Vectors; Endemic Diseases; Forensic Anthropology; Global Burden of Disease; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Neglected Diseases; Triatoma; Trypanosoma cruzi
PubMed: 32001300
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165689 -
Sports Health 2018Immunizations are a cornerstone of preventive care and an important consideration for team physicians caring for athletes. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Immunizations are a cornerstone of preventive care and an important consideration for team physicians caring for athletes.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A PubMed search was performed from August 2016 through May 2017 as well as a website review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and Immunization Action Coalition.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 4.
RESULTS
By keeping abreast of diseases endemic to nations to which athletes may be traveling as well as the vaccination status of the athletes, team physicians can provide appropriate advice regarding immunization and prevention of disease.
CONCLUSION
There are a host of regularly updated reliable websites to assist the team physician in these recommendations.
Topics: Athletes; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infection Control; Travel; Travel-Related Illness; Vaccination
PubMed: 30059267
DOI: 10.1177/1941738118788279 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Jun 2021In this paper, the authors: (a) list methods used to diagnose zoonotic diseases in humans and animals; (b) identify between-species differences in diagnostic approaches,...
In this paper, the authors: (a) list methods used to diagnose zoonotic diseases in humans and animals; (b) identify between-species differences in diagnostic approaches, providing commentary on the benefits that might arise from simultaneous interpretation of data from human and animal health surveillance systems; and (c) reiterate the importance of using species-specific, validated diagnostic tests for surveillance and disease outbreak investigations. Emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases are likely to provide a continued threat to global health in the short- to medium-term future. A good deal of knowledge about the drivers of infectious disease emergence has been developed based on numerous examples from the recent past. Sharing of diagnostic resources across human and animal health sectors, sharing of human and animal health surveillance data, development of skills in the interpretation of that data and awareness of issues related to the validation and interpretation of diagnostic test data are necessary prerequisites for an effective endemic disease surveillance system. A good understanding of the epidemiological patterns of endemic disease will allow human and animal health professionals be able to more quickly detect the presence of emerging disease threats.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34140736
DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3212 -
Nature Oct 2015Since the year 2000, a concerted campaign against malaria has led to unprecedented levels of intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the effect of...
Since the year 2000, a concerted campaign against malaria has led to unprecedented levels of intervention coverage across sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the effect of this control effort is vital to inform future control planning. However, the effect of malaria interventions across the varied epidemiological settings of Africa remains poorly understood owing to the absence of reliable surveillance data and the simplistic approaches underlying current disease estimates. Here we link a large database of malaria field surveys with detailed reconstructions of changing intervention coverage to directly evaluate trends from 2000 to 2015, and quantify the attributable effect of malaria disease control efforts. We found that Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in endemic Africa halved and the incidence of clinical disease fell by 40% between 2000 and 2015. We estimate that interventions have averted 663 (542-753 credible interval) million clinical cases since 2000. Insecticide-treated nets, the most widespread intervention, were by far the largest contributor (68% of cases averted). Although still below target levels, current malaria interventions have substantially reduced malaria disease incidence across the continent. Increasing access to these interventions, and maintaining their effectiveness in the face of insecticide and drug resistance, should form a cornerstone of post-2015 control strategies.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Drug Resistance; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Incidence; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 26375008
DOI: 10.1038/nature15535 -
Public Health Apr 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Endemic Diseases; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35219839
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.017 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2009Endemic zoonoses are found throughout the developing world, wherever people live in close proximity to their animals, affecting not only the health of poor people but... (Review)
Review
Endemic zoonoses are found throughout the developing world, wherever people live in close proximity to their animals, affecting not only the health of poor people but often also their livelihoods through the health of their livestock. Unlike newly emerging zoonoses that attract the attention of the developed world, these endemic zoonoses are by comparison neglected. This is, in part, a consequence of under-reporting, resulting in underestimation of their global burden, which in turn artificially downgrades their importance in the eyes of administrators and funding agencies. The development of cheap and effective vaccines is no guarantee that these endemic diseases will be eliminated in the near future. However, simply increasing awareness about their causes and how they may be prevented-often with very simple technologies-could reduce the incidence of many endemic zoonoses. Sustainable control of zoonoses is reliant on surveillance, but, as with other public-sector animal health services, this is rarely implemented in the developing world, not least because of the lack of sufficiently cheap diagnostics. Public-private partnerships have already provided advocacy for human disease control and could be equally effective in addressing endemic zoonoses.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Developing Countries; Disease Reservoirs; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 19687045
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0067 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2015
Topics: Asia; Communicable Diseases; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Immunotherapy; Vaccines
PubMed: 26018440
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1046725 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Nov 2014Several cases of lymphatic filariasis (LF) have been reported in non-endemic countries due to travellers, military personnel and expatriates spending time in and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Several cases of lymphatic filariasis (LF) have been reported in non-endemic countries due to travellers, military personnel and expatriates spending time in and returning from endemic areas, as well as immigrants coming from these regions. These cases are reviewed to assess the scale and context of non-endemic presentations and to consider the biological factors underlying their relative paucity.
METHODS
Cases reported in the English, French, Spanish and Portuguese literature during the last 30 years were examined through a search of the PubMed, ProMED-mail and TropNet resources.
RESULTS
The literature research revealed 11 cases of lymphatic filariasis being reported in non-endemic areas. The extent of further infections in recent migrants to non-endemic countries was also revealed through the published literature.
CONCLUSIONS
The life-cycle requirements of Wuchereria and Brugia species limit the extent of transmission of LF outside of tropical regions. However, until elimination, programmes are successful in managing the disease, there remains a possibility of low rates of infection being reported in non-endemic areas, and increased international travel can only contribute to this phenomenon. Physicians need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of lymphatic filariasis, and infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of people with a relevant travel history.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Emigrants and Immigrants; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Togo; Travel; Wuchereria bancrofti
PubMed: 25145445
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12376 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017
Topics: Echinococcosis; Endemic Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 28406411
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0645 -
Vaccine Feb 2020
Topics: Cholera; Cholera Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Humans
PubMed: 31402237
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.071