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Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2022The history of the thyroid dates from 2697 BCE when the "Yellow Emperor" Hung Ti described the use of seaweed to treat goiter. The English name "thyroid" was coined by... (Review)
Review
The history of the thyroid dates from 2697 BCE when the "Yellow Emperor" Hung Ti described the use of seaweed to treat goiter. The English name "thyroid" was coined by Thomas Wharton in 1656 from the Greek word for a shield. Bernard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811 when he noted a residual purplish ash while burning seaweed. Robert Graves is known for his classic 1835 report of "palpitations, goiter, and exophthalmos" in three women, but Caleb Parry observed the same clinical features in 1786. The clinical syndrome we now recognize as hypothyroidism was characterized as "myxoedema" in 1878 by William Ord at St. Thomas Hospital. In 1891, George Murray reported that injection of thyroid extract from sheep led to improvement in symptoms in a woman with myxedema. Thomas Kocher, who reported that patients with goiter who underwent complete thyroidectomy developed cachexia strumipriva, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1909. Edward Kendall discovered "thyroxin" on Christmas day in 1914. Studies by David Marine that iodine treatment prevented endemic goiter led to salt iodination, which has largely eradicated endemic cretinism. In 1973, Jean Dussault reported detection of congenital hypothyroidism by screening newborn populations.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Humans; Sheep; Goiter; Thyroidectomy; Hypothyroidism; Myxedema; Iodine
PubMed: 36446327
DOI: 10.1159/000526621 -
Gland Surgery Dec 2017Benign goiter is the most common endocrine disease that requires surgery, especially in endemic areas suffering from iodine-deficiency. Recent European and American... (Review)
Review
Benign goiter is the most common endocrine disease that requires surgery, especially in endemic areas suffering from iodine-deficiency. Recent European and American guidelines recommended total thyroidectomy for the surgical treatment of multinodular goiter. Total thyroidectomy has now become the technique of choice and is widely considered the most reliable approach in preventing recurrence. Nevertheless, total thyroidectomy carries a substantial risk in terms of hypoparathyroidism and the morbidity associated with injury to the inferior laryngeal nerve. In this context, partial/less-than-total thyroidectomy is being considered once again as a viable alternative. This review will discuss the extent of thyroid surgery for benign disease and the impact of the surgical protocol on the patient- and surgeon-specific risk factors for specific complication rates.
PubMed: 29322022
DOI: 10.21037/gs.2017.10.02 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism May 2022Thyroid angiosarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy, which occurs more frequently in the alpine region, likely associated with iodine deficiency and endemic goiter....
Thyroid angiosarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy, which occurs more frequently in the alpine region, likely associated with iodine deficiency and endemic goiter. This is an aggressive neoplasm that usually harbors a poor prognosis. We report the case of a 49-year-old Portuguese female patient presenting with a large nodule in the anterior neck region, with rapid growth and associated dysphonia. The neck ultrasound showed a hypoechogenic and heterogeneous thyroid nodule, with a larger axis of 44 mm. The fine needle aspiration cytology was not conclusive, and a biopsy of the lesion was performed. The result was suggestive of a mesenchymal tumor constituted by spindle cells and vascular clefts, showing positivity for endothelial markers and negativity for thyroglobulin, calcitonin and TTF1. The chest CT scan performed before surgery showed multiple pulmonary nodules suggestive of secondary lesions. The patient was submitted to total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection in order to relieve compressive symptoms. A diagnosis of thyroid angiosarcoma was made after histologic examination of the surgical specimen. Despite undergoing multiple lines of palliative chemotherapy, the pulmonary lesions increased in size and number. The patient died due to respiratory failure 29 months after the diagnosis. Thyroid angiosarcoma is a rare malignancy, generally with poor prognosis. In our case, the patient presented with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis, which is a negative prognostic factor. Due to its rarity, data regarding management and treatment of this disease are scarce.
PubMed: 35612841
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000460 -
Indian Pediatrics Jun 2008
Topics: Child; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Legislation, Food; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 18599928
DOI: No ID Found -
Problemy Endokrinologii Feb 2022The formation of endocrinology as an independent medical discipline was preceded by the accumulation of medical experience during many centuries. The medicine of the...
The formation of endocrinology as an independent medical discipline was preceded by the accumulation of medical experience during many centuries. The medicine of the ancient times was developing on the basis of continuity according to the basic principle «relata refero» (I tell what I have been told). Medicine and pharmacy in the countries of the ancient world had many similarities, but at the same time each civilization had its own geographical, cultural and historical particularities. The pathology of the thyroid was among the most studied pathologies in Ancient world. There are frequent mentions of the endemic goiter in the works of doctors from Ancient China, Ancient India and Ancient Greece.Although the link between iodine and the thyroid was not known, algae and dried sea sponges were using for treating swollen neck.There are many descriptions of neuroendocrine pathologies in historical sources, for example the Bible describes gigantism and the Talmud - hypoprolactinaemia.Special attention was paid to the study of diabetes mellitus, although the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease remained unknown until the 20th century.
Topics: Bible; Civilization; Endocrinology; Medicine; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 35262292
DOI: 10.14341/probl12878 -
Medical Principles and Practice :... 2020There is an increased incidence of thyroid nodules and cancer. In this article, the reasons for this increase are evaluated and discussed. The factors causing increases... (Review)
Review
There is an increased incidence of thyroid nodules and cancer. In this article, the reasons for this increase are evaluated and discussed. The factors causing increases in the incidence of nodules are the same as those causing increases in thyroid cancer. There are publications from all over the world regarding the rising incidence of thyroid cancer; it is especially associated with papillary cancer. The literature was reviewed and evaluated with regard to this significant phenomenon. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the main mitotic factor. Any agent that elevates TSH will stimulate nodule formation. Therefore, the incidence of thyroid nodules is high in endemic goiter regions due to iodine deficiency. This paper has described many of the factors causing this higher incidence. Of note, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are important factors associated with the increased incidence of nodular goiter and papillary thyroid cancer today. However, these data must be confirmed by other studies in the future.
Topics: Goiter, Nodular; Humans; Iodine; Risk Factors; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 31542786
DOI: 10.1159/000503575 -
Nutrients Feb 2023The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic,... (Review)
Review
The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men and non-pregnant women. Iodine is available in a wide range of foods and water and is susceptible to almost complete gastric and duodenal absorption as an iodide ion. A healthy diet usually provides a daily iodine consumption not exceeding 50% of the recommended intake. Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. Despite the relevant improvement in clinical outcomes, subclinical iodine deficiency persists even in Western Europe, especially among girls and women, being an issue in certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and lactation, and in people consuming unbalanced vegetable-based or salt-restricted diets. Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements.
Topics: Infant; Child; Male; Adult; Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Iodine; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Thyroid Gland; Malnutrition; Vegetables
PubMed: 36839362
DOI: 10.3390/nu15041004 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2012Thyroid cancers represent about 1% of all human cancers. Differentiate thyroid carcinomas (DTCs), papillary and follicular cancers, are the most frequent forms, instead...
Thyroid cancers represent about 1% of all human cancers. Differentiate thyroid carcinomas (DTCs), papillary and follicular cancers, are the most frequent forms, instead Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is estimated to comprise 1-2% of thyroid malignancies and it accounts for 14-39% of thyroid cancer deaths. The annual incidence of ATC is about one to two cases/million, with the overall incidence being higher in Europe (and area of endemic goiter) than in USA. ATC has a more complex genotype than DTCs, with chromosomal aberrations present in 85-100% of cases. A small number of gene mutations have been identified, and there appears to be a progression in mutations acquired during dedifferentiation. The mean survival time is around 6 months from diagnosis an outcome that is frequently not altered by treatment. ATC presents with a rapidly growing fixed and hard neck mass, often metastatic local lymph nodes appreciable on examination and/or vocal paralysis. Symptoms may reflect rapid growth of tumor with local invasion and/or compression. The majority of patients with ATC die from aggressive local regional disease, primarily from upper airway respiratory failure. For this reason, aggressive local therapy is indicated in all patients who can tolerate it. Although rarely possible, complete surgical resection gives the best chance of long-term control and improved survival. Therapy options include surgery, external beam radiation therapy, tracheostomy, chemotherapy, and investigational clinical trials. Multimodal or combination therapy should be useful. In fact, surgical debulking of local tumor, combined with external beam radiation therapy and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant (before surgery) or adjuvant (after surgery) therapy, may prevent death from local airway obstruction and as best may slight prolong survival. Investigational clinical trials in phase I or in phase II are actually in running and they include anti-angiogenetic drugs, multi-kinase inhibitor drugs.
PubMed: 22783225
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00084 -
International Journal of Endocrinology... Oct 2017Iodine deficiency is one of the most important health problems worldwide. The overall aim of this study was a narrative review of the past and present status of iodine... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Iodine deficiency is one of the most important health problems worldwide. The overall aim of this study was a narrative review of the past and present status of iodine nutrition in the Iranian population to gather and provide valuable background data in this field for future studies.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
For this narrative literature review study, published internal (SID, Iran doc, Iran medex) and international (Web of knowledge, Pubmed, SCOPUS) source studies were searched using the following medical subject heading terms: Iodine, IDD (iodine deficiency disorders), UIC (urinary iodine concentration), Goiter, IQ (intelligence quotient), thyroid hormone, Iodine and pregnancy, Iodine and breast feeding, as well as Iodized salt, reporting the prevalence of iodine deficiency and iodine nutrition status of different target populations in Iran over 25 years, between 1988 - 2014, were assessed. We found 185 abstracts by literature search, of which, 161 papers that were as case reports, animal study, with lack of regional or national data were excluded after full text evaluation. Finally 24 full papers covering regional or national data on iodine nutrition of the study population were eligible for our review.
RESULTS
Iodine deficiency, as a nutritional problem, had been identified in Iran since 1968. In the years 1987 - 1989, a few studies were done to define the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the country. The first nation-wide survey was performed in 14 provinces. Based on this survey all provinces were suffering of endemic goiter. In 1989, iodine deficiency was recognized as a major problem for community health. In 1990, salt factories began to produce iodized salt and in 1996, the second national survey was performed in 26 provinces. This survey indicated that 40% of boys and 50% of girls have goiter, with a median urinary iodine excretion of 205 µg/L. The 3rd national survey in 2001 showed that the total goiter rate is 9.8% and median UIC of 165 μg/L. In 2007, the 3th national survey was conducted 17 years after iodized salt consumption by Iranian households. In this study the total goiter rate and median urinary iodine was 5.7% and 145 μg/L, respectively. The 5th national survey conducted in 2013, showed household consumption of iodized salt for all provinces was 98% and the median urinary iodine of school children was 161 μg/L. Following the 5th national survey, the 1st national survey of the iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant women, conducted in 10 provinces in the different region of the country, documented a median UIC for pregnant women of 87.3 µg/L, results of this national survey clarified that despite iodine sufficiency of school children in Iran, pregnant women have moderate iodine deficiency and need iodine supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS
The success of iodine deficiency control program depends on well designed programmatic steps and mandatory iodized salt consumption in certain situations. The iodine intake of school children is sufficient, however, Iranian pregnant women are suffering from moderate iodine deficiency and need iodine supplementation.
PubMed: 29696034
DOI: 10.5812/ijem.57758 -
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary... 2017Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) have been recognized as one of the major nutritional disorders throughout the world affecting 200 million people who are at risk and... (Review)
Review
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) have been recognized as one of the major nutritional disorders throughout the world affecting 200 million people who are at risk and another 71 million suffering from goiter and other IDDs. These groups of disorders can affect every stage of life, but most vulnerable age group is between 6 and 12 years and these disorders together constitute the single largest preventable cause of brain damage leading to learning disabilities and psychomotor impairment. The existence of endemic goiter in an extensive belt along the southern slopes of the Himalayas, Alps, and Andes has long been described, but consistently high prevalence of IDDs outside the endemic zones and failure to attain goals set by the National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program questions the strategy and achievements till date. Therefore, the present article is an attempt to critically examine the program since inception in India.
PubMed: 29302513
DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_372_16