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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Dec 2020Endocardial cells are specialized endothelial cells that, during embryogenesis, form a lining on the inside of the developing heart, which is maintained throughout life.... (Review)
Review
Endocardial cells are specialized endothelial cells that, during embryogenesis, form a lining on the inside of the developing heart, which is maintained throughout life. Endocardial cells are an essential source for several lineages of the cardiovascular system including coronary endothelium, endocardial cushion mesenchyme, cardiomyocytes, mural cells, fibroblasts, liver vasculature, adipocytes, and hematopoietic cells. Alterations in the differentiation programs that give rise to these lineages has detrimental effects, including premature lethality or significant structural malformations present at birth. Here, we will review the literature pertaining to the contribution of endocardial cells to valvular, and nonvalvular lineages and highlight critical pathways required for these processes. The lineage differentiation potential of embryonic, and possibly adult, endocardial cells has therapeutic potential in the regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Animals; Embryonic Development; Endocardial Cushions; Endocardium; Heart Valves; Humans; Myocardium; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31988139
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036723 -
Circulation Research Mar 2018
Topics: Adult; Coronary Vessels; Endocardium; Endothelial Cells; Heart; Humans
PubMed: 29599272
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312810 -
Pediatric Cardiology Apr 2010The endocardium, the endothelial lining of the heart, plays complex and critical roles in heart development, particularly in the formation of the cardiac valves and... (Review)
Review
The endocardium, the endothelial lining of the heart, plays complex and critical roles in heart development, particularly in the formation of the cardiac valves and septa, the division of the truncus arteriosus into the aortic and pulmonary trunks, the development of Purkinje fibers that form the cardiac conduction system, and the formation of trabecular myocardium. Current data suggest that the endocardium is a regionally specialized endothelium that arises through a process of de novo vasculogenesis from a distinct population of mesodermal cardiogenic precursors in the cardiac crescent. In this article, we review recent developments in the understanding of the embryonic origins of the endocardium. Specifically, we summarize vasculogenesis and specification of endothelial cells from mesodermal precursors, and we review the transcriptional pathways involved in these processes. We discuss the lineage relationships between the endocardium and other endothelial populations and between the endocardium and the myocardium. Finally, we explore unresolved questions about the lineage relationships between the endocardium and the myocardium. One of the central questions involves the timing with which mesodermal cells, which arise in the primitive streak and migrate to the cardiac crescent, become committed to an endocardial fate. Two competing conceptual models of endocardial specification have been proposed. In the first, mesodermal precursor cells in the cardiac crescent are prespecified to become either endocardial or myocardial cells, while in the second, fate plasticity is retained by bipotential cardiogenic cells in the cardiac crescent. We propose a third model that reconciles these two views and suggest future experiments that might resolve this question.
Topics: Endocardium; Heart; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac
PubMed: 20135106
DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9642-8 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020Cardiomyopathies are myocardial disorders in which heart muscle is structurally and/or functionally abnormal. Previously, structural cardiomyocyte disorders due to... (Review)
Review
Cardiomyopathies are myocardial disorders in which heart muscle is structurally and/or functionally abnormal. Previously, structural cardiomyocyte disorders due to adrenal diseases, such as hyperaldosteronism, hypercortisolism, and hypercatecholaminism, were misunderstood, and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was not performed because was considered dangerous and too invasive. Recent data confirm that, if performed in experienced centers, EMB is a safe technique and gives precious information about physiopathological processes implied in clinical abnormalities in patients with different systemic disturbances. In this review, we illustrate the most important features in patients affected by primary aldosteronism (PA), Cushing's syndrome (CS), and pheochromocytoma (PHEO). Then, we critically describe microscopic and ultrastructural aspects that have emerged from the newest EMB studies. In PA, the autonomous hypersecretion of aldosterone induces the alteration of ion and water homeostasis, intracellular vacuolization, and swelling; interstitial oedema could be a peculiar feature of myocardial toxicity. In CS, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myofibrillolysis could be related to higher expression of atrogin-1. Finally, in PHEO, the hypercontraction of myofilaments with the formation of contraction bands and occasional cellular necrosis has been observed. We expect to clear the role of EMB in patients with cardiomyopathies and adrenal disease, and we believe EMB is a valid tool to implement new management and therapies.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Aldosterone; Animals; Biopsy; Cardiomyopathies; Catecholamines; Endocardium; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Myocardium
PubMed: 32709015
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145047 -
Journal of the American College of... Mar 2020
Topics: Endocardium; Humans; Tachycardia, Ventricular
PubMed: 32130925
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.045 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) of both endocardium and epicardium guide atrioventricular heart valve formation, but the cellular complexity and small scale...
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) of both endocardium and epicardium guide atrioventricular heart valve formation, but the cellular complexity and small scale of this tissue have restricted analyses. To circumvent these issues, we analyzed over 50,000 murine single-cell transcriptomes from embryonic day (E)7.75 hearts to E12.5 atrioventricular canals. We delineate mesenchymal and endocardial bifurcation during endocardial EMT, identify a distinct, transdifferentiating epicardial population during epicardial EMT, and reveal the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity during both processes. In Sox9-deficient valves, we observe increased epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, indicating a role for SOX9 in promoting endothelial and mesenchymal cell fate decisions. Lastly, we deconvolve cell interactions guiding the initiation and progression of cardiac valve EMTs. Overall, these data reveal mechanisms of emergence of mesenchyme from endocardium or epicardium at single-cell resolution and will serve as an atlas of EMT initiation and progression with broad implications in regenerative medicine and cancer biology.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Heart Valves; Endocardium; Cell Differentiation; Biology; Cell Communication
PubMed: 37689753
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41279-6 -
The FEBS Journal Dec 2016The vertebrate heart is the first organ to form and function during embryogenesis. Primitive streak-derived cardiac progenitors located bilaterally move rostral to form... (Review)
Review
The vertebrate heart is the first organ to form and function during embryogenesis. Primitive streak-derived cardiac progenitors located bilaterally move rostral to form the primitive heart tube that subsequently undergoes rightward looping, remodelling and septation to give rise to the mature four-chambered heart. Tightly regulated tissue interactions orchestrate the patterning, proliferation and differentiation processes that give rise to the adult ventricles. Studies in animal models have demonstrated the crucial function of the Notch signalling pathway in ventricular development and how alterations in human NOTCH signalling may lead to disease in the form of cardiomyopathies, such as left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC). In this review, we discuss how during trabecular formation and ventricular compaction, Dll4-Notch1 signals from chamber endocardium to regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation in a noncell autonomous fashion and how, at later stages, myocardial Jag1 and Jag2 activate Notch1 in chamber endocardium to sustain chamber patterning and compaction with simultaneous coronary vessel development mediated by Dll4-Notch1. We suggest that alterations in these molecular mechanisms underlie MIB1-related familial LVNC and favour the hypothesis that this cardiomyopathy has a congenital nature.
Topics: Animals; Cardiomyopathies; Endocardium; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Myocardium; Organogenesis; Receptors, Notch; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27260948
DOI: 10.1111/febs.13773 -
Wound Repair and Regeneration :... 2012Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide. Failure to properly repair or regenerate damaged cardiac tissues after myocardial... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide. Failure to properly repair or regenerate damaged cardiac tissues after myocardial infarction is a major cause of heart failure. In contrast to humans and other mammals, zebrafish hearts regenerate after substantial injury or tissue damage. Here, we review recent progress in studying zebrafish heart regeneration, addressing the molecular and cellular responses in the three tissue layers of the heart: myocardium, epicardium, and endocardium. We also compare different injury models utilized to study zebrafish heart regeneration and discuss the differences in responses to injury between mammalian and zebrafish hearts. By learning how zebrafish hearts regenerate naturally, we can better design therapeutic strategies for repairing human hearts after myocardial infarction.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Cell Proliferation; Endocardium; Heart; Humans; Models, Animal; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac; Pericardium; Regeneration; Zebrafish
PubMed: 22818295
DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2012.00814.x -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jul 2016Endocardial development involves a complex orchestration of cell fate decisions that coordinate with endoderm formation and other mesodermal cell lineages. Historically,... (Review)
Review
Endocardial development involves a complex orchestration of cell fate decisions that coordinate with endoderm formation and other mesodermal cell lineages. Historically, investigations into the contribution of endocardium in the developing embryo was constrained to the heart where these cells give rise to the inner lining of the myocardium and are a major contributor to valve formation. In recent years, studies have continued to elucidate the complexities of endocardial fate commitment revealing a much broader scope of lineage potential from developing endocardium. These studies cover a wide range of species and model systems and show direct contribution or fate potential of endocardium giving rise to cardiac vasculature, blood, fibroblast, and cardiomyocyte lineages. This review focuses on the marked expansion of knowledge in the area of endocardial fate potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Proliferation; Endocardium; Endothelial Cells; Endothelium, Vascular; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Morphogenesis; Phenotype
PubMed: 26828773
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.022 -
Differentiation; Research in Biological... Jul 2012The heart is a complex organ that is composed of numerous cell types, which must integrate their programs for proper specification, differentiation and cardiac... (Review)
Review
The heart is a complex organ that is composed of numerous cell types, which must integrate their programs for proper specification, differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. During cardiogenesis members of the Twist-family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play distinct roles within cardiac lineages such as the endocardium and extra-cardiac lineages such as the cardiac neural crest (cNCC) and epicardium. While the study of these cell populations is often eclipsed by that of cardiomyocytes, the contributions of non-cardiomyocytes to development and disease are increasingly being appreciated as both dynamic and essential. This review summarizes what is known regarding Twist-family bHLH function in extra-cardiac cell populations and the endocardium, with a focus on regulatory mechanisms, downstream targets, and expression profiles. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that Twist-family bHLH factors mediate in these lineages will be necessary to ascertain how their dysfunction leads to congenital disease and adult pathologies such as myocardial infarctions and cardiac fibroblast induced fibrosis. Indeed, this knowledge will prove to be critical to clinicians seeking to improve current treatments.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Embryonic Stem Cells; Endocardium; Endothelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Mice; Myocardium; Neural Crest; Pericardium; Transcription, Genetic; Twist-Related Protein 1
PubMed: 22516205
DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.03.002