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Experimental Cell Research Nov 2011In this review, we present an overview of intestinal development and cellular differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. The review is separated into two sections:... (Review)
Review
In this review, we present an overview of intestinal development and cellular differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. The review is separated into two sections: Section one summarizes organogenesis of the small and large intestines, including endoderm and gut tube formation in early embryogenesis, villus morphogenesis, and crypt formation. Section two reviews cell fate specification and differentiation of each cell type within the intestinal epithelium. Growth factor and transcriptional networks that regulate these developmental processes are summarized.
Topics: Animals; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Endoderm; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 21978911
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.09.006 -
Circulation Research Feb 2023Studies in animal models tracing organogenesis of the mesoderm-derived heart have emphasized the importance of signals coming from adjacent endodermal tissues in... (Review)
Review
Studies in animal models tracing organogenesis of the mesoderm-derived heart have emphasized the importance of signals coming from adjacent endodermal tissues in coordinating proper cardiac morphogenesis. Although in vitro models such as cardiac organoids have shown great potential to recapitulate the physiology of the human heart, they are unable to capture the complex crosstalk that takes place between the co-developing heart and endodermal organs, partly due to their distinct germ layer origins. In an effort to address this long-sought challenge, recent reports of multilineage organoids comprising both cardiac and endodermal derivatives have energized the efforts to understand how inter-organ, cross-lineage communications influence their respective morphogenesis. These co-differentiation systems have produced intriguing findings of shared signaling requirements for inducing cardiac specification together with primitive foregut, pulmonary, or intestinal lineages. Overall, these multilineage cardiac organoids offer an unprecedented window into human development that can reveal how the endoderm and heart cooperate to direct morphogenesis, patterning, and maturation. Further, through spatiotemporal reorganization, the co-emerged multilineage cells self-assemble into distinct compartments as seen in the cardiac-foregut, cardiac-intestine, and cardiopulmonary organoids and undergo cell migration and tissue reorganization to establish tissue boundaries. Looking into the future, these cardiac incorporated, multilineage organoids will inspire future strategies for improved cell sourcing for regenerative interventions and provide more effective models for disease investigation and drug testing. In this review, we will introduce the developmental context of coordinated heart and endoderm morphogenesis, discuss strategies for in vitro co-induction of cardiac and endodermal derivatives, and finally comment on the challenges and exciting new research directions enabled by this breakthrough.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Endoderm; Cell Differentiation; Organoids; Intestines; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 36795851
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.321769 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jun 2017Critical steps in the specification of embryonic cell lineages occur after implantation, but gaining insight into the molecular details of these cellular processes has... (Review)
Review
Critical steps in the specification of embryonic cell lineages occur after implantation, but gaining insight into the molecular details of these cellular processes has been challenging. Jin and co-workers now report the transcriptomic signatures and molecular heterogeneity of more than 600 single cells from mouse embryos at days 5.5 and 6.5, advancing our understanding of how early embryonic cells make cell-fate decisions into mesoderm and endoderm lineages.
Topics: Animals; Cell Lineage; Embryo, Mammalian; Endoderm; Mesoderm; Mice
PubMed: 28600307
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.H117.780585 -
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental... 2009The endoderm germ layer contributes to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and to all of their associated organs. Over the past decade, studies in vertebrate... (Review)
Review
The endoderm germ layer contributes to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and to all of their associated organs. Over the past decade, studies in vertebrate model organisms, including frog, fish, chick, and mouse, have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular basis of endoderm organ development. We review this progress with a focus on early stages of endoderm organogenesis including endoderm formation, gut tube morphogenesis and patterning, and organ specification. Lastly, we discuss how developmental mechanisms that regulate endoderm organogenesis are used to direct differentiation of embryonic stem cells into specific adult cell types, which function to alleviate disease symptoms in animal models.
Topics: Animals; Endoderm; Humans; Organogenesis; Vertebrates
PubMed: 19575677
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 -
Cells Aug 2021During liver organogenesis, cellular transcriptional profiles are constantly reshaped by the action of hepatic transcriptional regulators, including FoxA1-3, GATA4/6,... (Review)
Review
During liver organogenesis, cellular transcriptional profiles are constantly reshaped by the action of hepatic transcriptional regulators, including FoxA1-3, GATA4/6, HNF1α/β, HNF4α, HNF6, OC-2, C/EBPα/β, Hex, and Prox1. These factors are crucial for the activation of hepatic genes that, in the context of compact chromatin, cannot access their targets. The initial opening of highly condensed chromatin is executed by a special class of transcription factors known as pioneer factors. They bind and destabilize highly condensed chromatin and facilitate access to other "non-pioneer" factors. The association of target genes with pioneer and non-pioneer transcription factors takes place long before gene activation. In this way, the underlying gene regulatory regions are marked for future activation. The process is called "bookmarking", which confers transcriptional competence on target genes. Developmental bookmarking is accompanied by a dynamic maturation process, which prepares the genomic loci for stable and efficient transcription. Stable hepatic expression profiles are maintained during development and adulthood by the constant availability of the main regulators. This is achieved by a self-sustaining regulatory network that is established by complex cross-regulatory interactions between the major regulators. This network gradually grows during liver development and provides an epigenetic memory mechanism for safeguarding the optimal expression of the regulators.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver; Organogenesis; Stem Cells; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 34440795
DOI: 10.3390/cells10082026 -
Nature Communications Aug 2020Visceral organs, such as the lungs, stomach and liver, are derived from the fetal foregut through a series of inductive interactions between the definitive endoderm (DE)...
Visceral organs, such as the lungs, stomach and liver, are derived from the fetal foregut through a series of inductive interactions between the definitive endoderm (DE) and the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm (SM). While DE patterning is fairly well studied, the paracrine signaling controlling SM regionalization and how this is coordinated with epithelial identity is obscure. Here, we use single cell transcriptomics to generate a high-resolution cell state map of the embryonic mouse foregut. This identifies a diversity of SM cell types that develop in close register with the organ-specific epithelium. We infer a spatiotemporal signaling network of endoderm-mesoderm interactions that orchestrate foregut organogenesis. We validate key predictions with mouse genetics, showing the importance of endoderm-derived signals in mesoderm patterning. Finally, leveraging these signaling interactions, we generate different SM subtypes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which previously have been elusive. The single cell data can be explored at: https://research.cchmc.org/ZornLab-singlecell .
Topics: Animals; Cell Lineage; Digestive System; Endoderm; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Internet; Mesoderm; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Organogenesis; Signal Transduction; Single-Cell Analysis; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 32855417
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17968-x -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2011The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly... (Review)
Review
The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Endoderm; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mesoderm; Vertebrates
PubMed: 21246663
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22540 -
Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica Jan 2018One of the most important events during vertebrate embryogenesis is the formation or specification of the three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. After a... (Review)
Review
One of the most important events during vertebrate embryogenesis is the formation or specification of the three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. After a series of rapid cleavages, embryos form the mesendoderm and ectoderm during late blastulation and early gastrulation. The mesendoderm then further differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm. Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in mesendoderm formation by regulating the expression of a number of critical transcription factors, including Mix-like, GATA, Sox, and Fox. Because the Nodal signal transduction pathway is well-characterized, increasing effort has been made to delineate the spatiotemporal modulation of Nodal signaling during embryonic development. In this review, we summarize the recent progress delineating molecular regulation of Nodal signal intensity and duration during mesendoderm formation.
Topics: Animals; Ectoderm; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Genetic; Nodal Protein; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29206913
DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx128 -
Cell Stem Cell Apr 2018The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract all originate from the endoderm germ layer, and these vital organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases affecting... (Review)
Review
The liver, lung, pancreas, and digestive tract all originate from the endoderm germ layer, and these vital organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases affecting millions of patients. However, primary cells from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells thus hold great promise for generating endoderm cells and their derivatives as tools for the development of new therapeutics against a variety of global healthcare challenges. Here we describe recent advances in methods for generating endodermal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells and their use for disease modeling and cell-based therapy.
Topics: Endoderm; Humans; Models, Biological; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 29625066
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.016 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Apr 2000Since the first half of the 20th century, experimental embryologists have noted a relationship between endoderm cells and the development of cardiac tissue from... (Review)
Review
Since the first half of the 20th century, experimental embryologists have noted a relationship between endoderm cells and the development of cardiac tissue from mesoderm. During the past decade, the accumulation of evidence for an obligatory interaction between endoderm and mesoderm during the specification and terminal differentiation of myocardial, and more recently endocardial, cells has markedly accelerated. Moreover, the endoderm-derived molecules that may regulate these processes are being identified. It now appears that endoderm-derived growth factors regulate the formation of both myocardial and endocardial cells during specification, terminal differentiation, and perhaps morphogenesis of cells in the developing embryonic heart.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Endocardium; Endoderm; Heart; Myocardium
PubMed: 10767078
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200004)217:4<327::AID-DVDY1>3.0.CO;2-K