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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2019The genus is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more... (Review)
Review
The genus is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Today, 22 species belong to the genus. These species are described in the environment and have been reported as opportunistic pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The pathogenicity/virulence of this bacterium remains rather unclear due to the limited amount of work performed to date in this field. In contrast, its resistance against antibacterial agents has been extensively studied. In the face of antibiotic treatment, it is able to manage different mechanisms of resistance via various local and global regulator genes and the modulation of the expression of different proteins, including enzymes (β-lactamases, etc.) or membrane transporters, such as porins and efflux pumps. During various hospital outbreaks, the and complex exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, which has stimulated questions about the role of cascade regulation in the emergence of these well-adapted clones.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 31315895
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00002-19 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Extensive use of carbofuran insecticide harms the environment and human health. Carbofuran is an endocrine disruptor and has the highest acute toxicity to humans than...
Extensive use of carbofuran insecticide harms the environment and human health. Carbofuran is an endocrine disruptor and has the highest acute toxicity to humans than all groups of carbamate pesticides used. Carbofuran is highly mobile in soil and soluble in water with a lengthy half-life (50 days). Therefore, it has the potential to contaminate groundwater and nearby water bodies after rainfall events. A bacterial strain BRC05 was isolated from agricultural soil characterized and presumptively identified as sp. The strain was immobilized using gellan gum as an entrapment material. The effect of different heavy metals and the ability of the immobilized cells to degrade carbofuran were compared with their free cell counterparts. The results showed a significant increase in the degradation of carbofuran by immobilized cells compared with freely suspended cells. Carbofuran was completely degraded within 9 h by immobilized cells at 50 mg/L, while it took 12 h for free cells to degrade carbofuran at the same concentration. Besides, the immobilized cells completely degraded carbofuran within 38 h at 100 mg/L. On the other hand, free cells degraded the compound in 68 h. The viability of the freely suspended cell and degradation efficiency was inhibited at a concentration greater than 100 mg/L. Whereas, the immobilized cells almost completely degraded carbofuran at 100 mg/L. At 250 mg/L concentration, the rate of degradation decreased significantly in free cells. The immobilized cells could also be reused for about nine cycles without losing their degradation activity. Hence, the gellan gum-immobilized cells of sp. could be potentially used in the bioremediation of carbofuran in contaminated soil.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbofuran; Cells, Immobilized; Enterobacter; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 32560037
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122771 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023Epidemiological characteristics and molecular features of carbapenem-resistant (CR-) species remain unclear in China. In this study, we performed a genomic study on 92...
Epidemiological characteristics and molecular features of carbapenem-resistant (CR-) species remain unclear in China. In this study, we performed a genomic study on 92 isolates from -caused infections from a multicenter study in China. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to determine the genome sequence of 92 non-duplicated CR- strains collected from multiple tertiary health centres. The precise species of strains were identified by average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH). Molecular features of high-risk CR- sequence type (ST) lineages and carbapenemase-encoding plasmids were determined. The result revealed that the most common human-source CR- species in China was (66/92, 71.93%), and the proportion of carbapenemase-producing (CP-) in CR- was high (72/92, 78.26%) in comparison to other global regions. Furthermore, ST171 and ST116 were the major lineages of CP- strains, and ST171 was more likely to cause infections in older patients. Genomic analysis also highlighted the likelihood of intra-hospital/inter-hospital clonal transmission of ST171 and ST116 . In addition, the -harbouring IncX3-type plasmid was identified as the prevalent carbapenemase-encoding plasmid carried by CR- strains, and was experimentally confirmed to be able to self-transfer with high frequency. This study detailed the genomic and clinical characteristics of CR- in China in the form of multicenter for the first time. The high risk of carbapenemase-producing ST171 and ST116 , and the -harbouring IncX3-type plasmid were detected and emphasized.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; China; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Genomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids
PubMed: 36382635
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2148562 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022To explore the genetic characteristics of the IMP-4 and SFO-1 co-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates, YQ13422hy and YQ13530hy.
PURPOSE
To explore the genetic characteristics of the IMP-4 and SFO-1 co-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates, YQ13422hy and YQ13530hy.
METHODS
MALDI-TOF MS was used for species identification. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were tested by PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis. In addition to agar dilution, broth microdilution was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was conducted using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Oxford Nanopore platforms. Annotation was performed by RAST on the genome. The phylogenetic tree was achieved using kSNP3.0. Plasmid characterization was conducted using S1-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (S1-PFGE), Southern blotting, conjugation experiments, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). An in-depth study of the conjugation module was conducted using the OriTFinder website. The genetic context of and was analyzed using BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG) and Easyfig 2.3.
RESULTS
YQ13422hy and YQ13530hy, two MDR strains of ST51 harboring and , were identified. They were only sensitive to meropenem, amikacin and polymyxin B, and were resistant to cephalosporins, aztreonam, piperacillin/tazobactam and aminoglycosides, intermediate to imipenem. The genetic context surrounding was 5'CS--IS-In- -IS-. The integron of is In, which is the array of gene cassettes of 5'CS- . Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that YQ13422hy and YQ13530hy belonged to the same small clusters with a high degree of homology.
CONCLUSION
This observation revealed the dissemination of the gene in in China. We found that and co-exist in MDR clinical isolates. This work showed a transferable IncN-type plasmid carrying the resistance gene in . We examined the potential resistance mechanisms of pYQ13422-IMP-4 and pYQ13422-SFO-1, along with their detailed genetic contexts.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Enterobacter; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36389152
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.998578 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2014Enterobacter cloacae complex bacteria are of both clinical and environmental importance. Phenotypic methods are unable to distinguish between some of the species in this...
AIM
Enterobacter cloacae complex bacteria are of both clinical and environmental importance. Phenotypic methods are unable to distinguish between some of the species in this complex, which often renders their identification incomplete. The goal of this study was to develop molecular assays to identify Enterobacter hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III which are relatively frequently encountered in clinical material.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The molecular assays developed in this study are qPCR technology based and served to identify both Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III. qPCR results were compared to hsp60 sequence analysis. Most clinical isolates were assigned to Ent. hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III. The latter was proportionately more frequently isolated from bloodstream infections than from other material (P < 0·05).
CONCLUSION
The qPCR assays detecting Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The presented qPCR assays allow accurate and rapid identification of clinical isolates of the Ent. cloacae complex. The improved identifications obtained can specifically assist analysis of Ent. hormaechei and Ent. cloacae genetic cluster III in nosocomial outbreaks and can promote rapid environmental monitoring. An association was observed between Ent. cloacae cluster III and systemic infection that deserves further attention.
Topics: Chaperonin 60; Enterobacter; Enterobacter cloacae; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 24428402
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12439 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Dec 2022In contrast to other qnr families, qnrVC has been reported mainly in Vibrio spp. and inserted in class 1 integrons. This study aimed to identify the variants of qnrVC...
OBJECTIVES
In contrast to other qnr families, qnrVC has been reported mainly in Vibrio spp. and inserted in class 1 integrons. This study aimed to identify the variants of qnrVC genes detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2-producing Enterobacter and Klebsiella strains isolated from Brazilian coastal waters and the genetic contexts associated with their occurrence.
METHODS
qnrVC variants were identified by Sanger sequencing. Stains were typified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assays, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were applied to identify the strains' antimicrobial resistance profile, qnrVC and bla co-transference, and qnrVC genetic context.
RESULTS
qnrVC1 was identified in 15 Enterobacter and 3 Klebsiella, and qnrVC4 in 2 Enterobacter strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed 12 clonal profiles of Enterobacter and one of Klebsiella. Strains were resistant to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fosfomycin, quinolones, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Co-transference of qnrVC and bla were obtained from five representative Enterobacter strains, which showed resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, and reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. WGS analysis from representative strains revealed one K. quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, one E. soli, four E. kobei, and seven isolates belonging to Enterobacter Taxon 3. Long-read WGS showed qnrVC and bla were carried by the same replicon on Klebsiella and Enterobacter strains, and the qnrVC association with not previously described genetic environments composed of insertion sequences and truncated genes. These contexts occurred in small- and high-molecular-weight plasmids belonging to IncFII, IncP6, pKPC-CAV1321, and IncU groups.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that the dissemination of qnrVC among Enterobacterales in Brazilian coastal waters is associated with several genetic recombination events.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterobacter; Klebsiella; Klebsiella pneumoniae
PubMed: 35948241
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.08.004 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021complex (ECC) is composed of multiple species and the taxonomic status is consecutively updated. In last decades ECC is frequently associated with multidrug resistance...
complex (ECC) is composed of multiple species and the taxonomic status is consecutively updated. In last decades ECC is frequently associated with multidrug resistance and become an important nosocomial pathogen. Currently, rapid and accurate identification of ECC to the species level remains a technical challenge, thus impedes our understanding of the population at the species level. Here, we aimed to develop a simple, reliable, and economical method to distinguish four epidemiologically prevalent species of ECC with clinical significance, i.e., , , , and . A total of 977 ECC genomes were retrieved from the GenBank, and unique gene for each species was obtained by core-genome comparisons. Four pairs of species-specific primers were designed based on the unique genes. A total of 231 ECC clinical strains were typed both by typing and by species-specific PCRs. The specificity and sensitivity of the four species-specific PCRs ranged between 96.56% and 100% and between 76.47% and 100%, respectively. The PCR for showed the highest specificity and sensitivity. A one-step multiplex PCR was subsequently established by combining the species-specific primers. Additional 53 -typed ECC and 20 non-ECC isolates belonging to six species obtained from samples of patients, sewage water and feces of feeding animals were tested by the multiplex PCR. The identification results of both techniques were concordant. The multiplex PCR established in this study provides an accurate, expeditious, and cost-effective way for routine diagnosis and molecular surveillance of ECC strains at species level.
Topics: Enterobacter; Enterobacter cloacae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 34095000
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.677089 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 2023We identified an ST133 extensively drug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei, C210017, with increased virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Genomic analysis...
We identified an ST133 extensively drug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei, C210017, with increased virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Genomic analysis suggested it carried antibiotic resistance genes and , and genes and encoding the virulence factor, siderophores. Comparative genomics of C210017 and the 178 ST133 strains in the database suggested they all belonged to serotype O3 and most strains (77.5%) carried the IncHI2 superplasmids associated with the resistance, virulence, and adaptation of the host strain.
Topics: Humans; Siderophores; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Enterobacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genomics
PubMed: 36920213
DOI: 10.1128/aac.01737-22 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022is a novel, multidrug-resistant pathogen belonging to the Enterobacter genus and has the ability to acquire resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. However, there is...
is a novel, multidrug-resistant pathogen belonging to the Enterobacter genus and has the ability to acquire resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. However, there is currently no registered drug on the market that has been shown to be effective. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets and effective treatments for . In the current study, a bacterial pan genome analysis and subtractive proteomics approach was employed to the core proteomes of six strains of using several bioinformatic tools, software, and servers. However, 2611 nonredundant proteins were predicted from the 21,720 core proteins of core proteome. Out of 2611 nonredundant proteins, 372 were obtained from Geptop2.0 as essential proteins. After the subtractive proteomics and subcellular localization analysis, only 133 proteins were found in cytoplasm. All cytoplasmic proteins were examined using BLASTp against the virulence factor database, which classifies 20 therapeutic targets as virulent. Out of these 20, 3 cytoplasmic proteins: ferric iron uptake transcriptional regulator (FUR), UDP-2,3diacylglucosamine diphosphatase (UDP), and lipid-A-disaccharide synthase (lpxB) were chosen as potential drug targets. These drug targets are important for bacterial survival, virulence, and growth and could be used as therapeutic targets. More than 2500 plant chemicals were used to molecularly dock these proteins. Furthermore, the lowest-binding energetic docked compounds were found. The top five hit compounds, , , , and demonstrated optimum binding against all three target proteins. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA analyses validated the stability of ligand-protein complexes and revealed that these compounds could serve as potential replication inhibitors. Consequently, this study marks a significant step forward in the creation of new and powerful drugs against . Future studies should validate these targets experimentally to prove their function in survival and virulence.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Enterobacter; Genome, Bacterial; Uridine Diphosphate
PubMed: 36429532
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214812 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jul 2021The family was designated in 2017. To date, two alleles have been discovered that are carried by plasmids. Here, we identified a new quinolone resistance gene, , in...
The family was designated in 2017. To date, two alleles have been discovered that are carried by plasmids. Here, we identified a new quinolone resistance gene, , in the chromosome of Enterobacter mori clinical isolate 08-091 in China. conferred decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, similar to and . To investigate the precise origin of , , and , 79 -bearing strains producing 30 variants were retrieved from the NCBI database. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated two major clusters, QnrE and QnrE, produced mainly by the and strains, respectively. Comparison of the genetic context of alleles demonstrated that and alleles presumably were captured by ISE and mobilized from the and strains to the and Escherichia coli strains, respectively. was proposed to be named , since it has spread to another genus. All the alleles were harbored by the Enterobacter species, except those captured by ISE and mobilized into other species of . is probably the source of to alleles, and is the reservoir of .
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterobacter; Enterobacter cloacae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Quinolones
PubMed: 34097486
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00456-21