-
Biology Apr 2022(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review...
(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review the existing literature regarding the involvement of Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium in human infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns; (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all Enteroccocus species isolated from the “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Cluj-Napoca during one year focusing on non-faecalis non-faecium Enterococci. A brief review of the literature was performed using case reports involving Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium; (3) Results: Only 58 out of 658 Enteroccocus isolates were non-faecalis non-faecium and met the inclusion criteria. These species were isolated more often (p < 0.05) from the surgical ward from mixed etiology infections with E. coli. In our review, we included 39 case reports involving E. raffinosus, E. durans and E. avium; (4) Conclusions: Isolation of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci displays an emerging trend with crucial healthcare consequences. Based on the analysis of the case reports, E. avium seems to be involved more often in neurological infections, E. durans in endocarditis, while E. raffinosus displays a more heterogenous distribution.
PubMed: 35453797
DOI: 10.3390/biology11040598 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021() is a common bacterium inhabiting the intestines of humans and other animals. Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) the glutamate...
() is a common bacterium inhabiting the intestines of humans and other animals. Most strains of this species can produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system, but the presence and genetic organization of their GAD systems are poorly characterized. In this study, our bioinformatics analyses showed that the GAD system in strains was generally encoded by three genes (, , and ), together with an antiporter gene () and regulator gene (), and these genes are organized in a cluster. This finding contrasts with that for other lactic acid bacteria. SDMCC050406, a GABA producer isolated from human feces, was employed to investigate the contribution of the three genes to GABA biosynthesis. The results showed that the relative expression level of was higher than those of and in the exponential growth and stationary phases, and this was accompanied by the synchronous transcription of . After heterologous expression of the three genes in BL21 (DE3), the value of the purified GAD3 was 4.26 ± 0.48 mM, a value lower than those of the purified GAD1 and GAD2. Moreover, gene inactivation caused decreased GABA production, accompanied by a reduction in resistance to acid stress. These results indicated that plays a crucial role in GABA biosynthesis and this property endowed the strain with acid tolerance. Our findings provided insights into how strains survive the acidic environments of fermented foods and throughout transit through the stomach and gut while maintaining cell viability.
PubMed: 34566904
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691968 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023There is increasing development of antibiotic resistance among the Enterococcus species.
INTRODUCTION
There is increasing development of antibiotic resistance among the Enterococcus species.
OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to determine prevalence and characterize the vancomycin-resistant and linezolid-resistant enterococcus isolates from a tertiary care center. Moreover, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates was also determined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective study was performed in Medical College, Kolkata, India, over a period of two years (from January 2018 to December 2019). After obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Enterococcus isolates from various samples were included in the present investigation. In addition to the various conventional biochemical tests, the VITEK 2 Compact system was used to identify the Enterococcus species. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to different antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and VITEK 2 Compact to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2017 guidelines were used to interpret susceptibility. Multiplex PCR was performed for genetic characterization of the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates and sequencing was performed for characterization of the linezolid-resistant Enterococcus isolates.
RESULTS
During the period of two years, 371 isolates of spp. were obtained from 4934 clinical isolates showing a prevalence of 7.52%. Among these isolates, 239 (64.42%) were , 114 (30.72%) , and others were , , , and . Among these, 24 (6.47%) were VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus) of which 18 isolates were Van A type and six isolates of and were resistant VanC type. There were two linezolid-resistant Enterococcus, and they were found to have the G2576T mutation. Among the 371 isolates, 252 (67.92%) were multi-drug resistant.
CONCLUSION
This study found an increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus isolates. There is also an alarming prevalence of multidrug resistance among these isolates.
PubMed: 36900089
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050945 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022As a consequence of global demographic challenges, both the artificial and the natural environment are increasingly impacted by contaminants of emerging concern, such as...
As a consequence of global demographic challenges, both the artificial and the natural environment are increasingly impacted by contaminants of emerging concern, such as bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which anthropogenic contamination contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistant enterococci in aquatic compartments and to explore genetic relationships among strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ampicillin, imipenem, norfloxacin, gentamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) of 574 isolates showed different rates of phenotypic resistance in bacteria from wastewaters (91.9-94.4%), hospital effluents (73.9%), surface waters (8.2-55.3%) and groundwater (35.1-59.1%). The level of multidrug resistance reached 44.6% in enterococci from hospital effluents. In all samples, except for hospital sewage, the predominant species were and . In addition, , , , and were identified. strains carried the greatest variety of ARGs (, , , , , , , , , , ), while displayed the highest ARG frequency. Molecular typing using the ERIC2 primer revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity, but also clusters of enterococci from different aquatic compartments. Enterococcal migration under anthropogenic pressure leads to the dispersion of clinically relevant strains into the natural environment and water resources. In conclusion, ERIC-PCR fingerprinting in conjunction with ARG profiling is a useful tool for the molecular typing of clinical and environmental species. These results underline the need of safeguarding water quality as a strategy to limit the expansion and progression of the impending antibiotic-resistance crisis.
PubMed: 36139992
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091213 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023spp., as an opportunistic pathogen, are widely distributed in the environment and the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals. Captive Asian elephants,...
spp., as an opportunistic pathogen, are widely distributed in the environment and the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals. Captive Asian elephants, popular animals at tourist attractions, have frequent contact with humans. However, there is limited information on whether captive Asian elephants can serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of this study was to characterize AMR, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence-associated genes (VAGs), gelatinase activity, hemolysis activity, and biofilm formation of spp. isolated from captive Asian elephants, and to analyze the potential correlations among these factors. A total of 62 spp. strains were isolated from fecal samples of captive Asian elephants, comprising 17 (27.4%), 12 (19.4%), 8 (12.9%), 7 (11.3%), 7 (11.3%), and 11 other spp. (17.7%). Isolates exhibited high resistance to rifampin (51.6%) and streptomycin (37.1%). 50% of spp. isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), with all strains demonstrating MDR. Additionally, nine ARGs were identified, with (51.6%), (24.2%), and (21.0%) showing relatively higher detection rates. Biofilm formation, gelatinase activity, and α-hemolysin activity were observed in 79.0, 24.2, and 14.5% of the isolates, respectively. A total of 18 VAGs were detected, with being the most prevalent (69.4%). Correlation analysis revealed 229 significant positive correlations and 12 significant negative correlations. The strongest intra-group correlations were observed among VAGs. Notably, we found that vancomycin resistance showed a significant positive correlation with ciprofloxacin resistance, , and gelatinase activity, respectively. In conclusion, captive Asian elephants could serve as significant reservoirs for the dissemination of AMR to humans.
PubMed: 37954234
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277221 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the...
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S sequence into (50%); (33.33%), (13.33%), and (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes , , , , , and were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of , and virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for and , respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1-2, rep3, rep5-6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
PubMed: 35326843
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380 -
Access Microbiology Aug 2022Enterococci have been recognized as major pathogens causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci is one of...
Enterococci have been recognized as major pathogens causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci is one of the major public health challenges worldwide. While many enterococcal species have been identified, is rarely detected in humans. Here we present an interesting case of urinary tract infection and haematuria involving in a 72-year-old patient. The patient underwent antibiotic therapy and surgical procedures with excellent improvement. This case report highlights the important role of in clinical settings.
PubMed: 36003358
DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000349 -
Veterinary World Aug 2023To develop species-specific probiotics for poultry, it is ideal to obtain these probiotic microorganisms directly from the intestinal tract of broiler and egg-laying...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
To develop species-specific probiotics for poultry, it is ideal to obtain these probiotic microorganisms directly from the intestinal tract of broiler and egg-laying chicks in production environments to ensure adaptation to actual conditions. This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the intestinal tract of broiler and egg-laying chicks to determine their probiotic potential.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-five Ross-308 broilers and 25 Isa Brown egg-laying chicks were raised until days 42 and 120, respectively; they were housed in an individual poultry building. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified from the small intestine mucus of broiler and layer chicks and then evaluated based on resistance to acidic pH levels, bile salt concentration, and antagonistic activity against wild strains of and spp. selected strains with probiotic potential were identified by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by rDNA sequencing.
RESULTS
One hundred and fifty Gram-positive isolates were obtained; 28% (42) were catalase and oxidase negative and biochemical identification was made by crystal system: 76.2% (32) spp., 16.6% (7) spp., and 7.2% (3) spp.; and evaluated for hemolysin production; tolerance to low pH and bile salts, and antagonistic potential were carried out. Molecular characterization yielded 56% (24) , and 44% (18) . About 81% (34) of strains were without vancomycin resistance genes criterion.
CONCLUSION
This study isolated and characterized 36 strains of LAB with probiotic qualities, from the intestines of broiler and egg-laying chicks, selecting , , and , as promising strains for further and research.
PubMed: 37766704
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1605-1614 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... May 1998
PubMed: 11864347
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00060.x -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2021Peritonitis remains a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis caused by gram-positive organisms includes coagulase-negative staphylococci,...
Peritonitis remains a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis caused by gram-positive organisms includes coagulase-negative staphylococci, spp and spp. We present a rare case of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis, where persisting abdominal pain and worsening laboratory findings despite antibiotic therapy led to the identification of , requiring Tenckoff catheter removal and temporary transfer to haemodialysis. The available literature reports only few cases where peritonitis is caused by this agent, underlining the need to consider atypical microbial agents when heterogeneous clinical course is presented.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterococcus; Humans; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis
PubMed: 33762281
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240272