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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Nov 2022Diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, and correct identification of etiologic agents is essential for effective disease...
BACKGROUND
Diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals, and correct identification of etiologic agents is essential for effective disease management.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between diarrhea and detection of Enterococcus durans or other enteropathogens in neonatal foals on 1 breeding farm in Kentucky, USA.
ANIMALS
Fifty-nine Thoroughbred foals and their broodmares.
METHODS
Prospective observational study. Study foals and broodmares were sampled and tested for E. durans and other enteropathogens during the first 10 days after foaling. The frequency of foals in which E. durans or other enteropathogens was compared between foals with or without diarrhea.
RESULTS
Seven of 59 foals developed diarrhea. The frequency of foals with E. durans infection was higher in foals with diarrhea 5/7 (71%), compared to foals without diarrhea 0/51 (0%; P < .01). Detection of E. durans in foals was associated with detection of E. durans in broodmares; in 2/7 (29%) foals with diarrhea, the 2 broodmares tested positive for E. durans, and, in 51/51 (100%) foals without diarrhea, all broodmares tested negative to E. durans (P = .01). Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of foals with diarrhea, 5 of 6 additional cases of diarrhea were attributed to lateral transmission of E. durans infection.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Detection of E. durans was associated with diarrhea in foals. Implementation of enhanced biosecurity measures might mitigate disease transmission associated with E. durans infection in foals.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Horse Diseases; Diarrhea; Enterococcus; Bacterial Infections; Animals, Newborn
PubMed: 36285839
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16568 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Despite recent advances in oncology, cancer has remained an enormous global health burden, accounting for about 10 million deaths in 2020. A third of the cancer cases in... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advances in oncology, cancer has remained an enormous global health burden, accounting for about 10 million deaths in 2020. A third of the cancer cases in developing counties are caused by microbial infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and hepatitis B and C viruses. EBV, a member of the human gamma herpesvirus family, is a double-stranded DNA virus and the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis. Most EBV infections cause no long-term complications. However, it was reported that EBV infection is responsible for around 200,000 malignancies worldwide every year. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection. Recently, the gut microbiota has been investigated for its pivotal roles in pathogen protection and regulating metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of antiviral agents, gut microbial metabolites, and natural products against EBV infection. In this review, we aim to summarise and analyse the reported molecular mechanistic and clinical studies on the activities of gut microbial metabolites and natural medicines against carcinogenic viruses, with a particular emphasis on EBV. Gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids were reported to activate the EBV lytic cycle, while bacteriocins, produced by strains, have shown antiviral properties. Furthermore, several natural products and dietary bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, moronic acid, and andrographolide, have shown antiviral activity against EBV. In this review, we proposed several exciting future directions for research on carcinogenic viruses.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Carcinogens; Neoplasms; Antiviral Agents; Carcinogenesis
PubMed: 36675232
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021716 -
Molecular Biology Research... 2022species are a long-standing and non-pathogenic commensal bacterium, representing an important part of the normal. is a rarely isolated species from animals and humans,...
species are a long-standing and non-pathogenic commensal bacterium, representing an important part of the normal. is a rarely isolated species from animals and humans, and it was a tiny constituent of human oral cavity and animal intestinal flora, as well as animal-derived foods, particularly dairy products. This study evaluated the security of our strain NT21 by using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), physicochemical features, and antimicrobial activity. The complete genomic of our strain NT21was sequenced and analyzed by using several bioinformatics tools to identify bacteriocin genes, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes, Crispr-Cas and pathogenicity islands. The results showed that our strain NT21 lacks the presence of virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, plasmids and has only two antibiotic resistance genes. On the other hand, it produces three bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (Enterolysin A, P and L50a). It has six gene-encoded Crisper-Cas and one cluster Crispr-Cas gene. According to our findings, NT21 is a possible probiotic strain that is safe for both human and animal use.
PubMed: 36718242
DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2022.44088.1760 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Feb 2022Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections present a growing problem in medicine due to a significant increase in the number of implanted devices and the...
Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections present a growing problem in medicine due to a significant increase in the number of implanted devices and the age of the recipient population. spp. are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria; they are relatively common pathogens in humans, but uncommon as the cause of CIED lead infections. Only eight cases of endocarditis have been reported in the literature thus far; however, there are no reported cases of CIED lead infection. A 58-year-old gentleman with a previously implanted St. Jude Medical single-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) due to tachy/brady arrhythmias presented with nonspecific constitutional symptoms (i.e., low-grade fevers, chills, fatigue), and was found to have innumerable bilateral pulmonary nodules via computed tomography angiography of the chest. Many of these pulmonary nodules were cavitated and highly concerning for septic pulmonary emboli and infarcts. Within 24 h from presentation, blood cultures in all four culture bottles grew ampicillin- and vancomycin-susceptible . Transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed vegetations on the ICD lead in the right ventricle. The patient underwent laser extraction of the ICD lead with generator removal and recovered completely after a 6-week intravenous antibiotic course. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CIED lead infection caused by . In this case, management with antibiotics along with ICD lead extraction led to complete recovery. Clinicians should be aware of this rare but potentially devastating infection in patients with native and artificial valves, but also in those with CIEDs.
Topics: Defibrillators, Implantable; Electronics; Endocarditis; Enterococcus; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35208630
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020307 -
Biology Apr 2022(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review...
(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review the existing literature regarding the involvement of Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium in human infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns; (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all Enteroccocus species isolated from the “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Cluj-Napoca during one year focusing on non-faecalis non-faecium Enterococci. A brief review of the literature was performed using case reports involving Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium; (3) Results: Only 58 out of 658 Enteroccocus isolates were non-faecalis non-faecium and met the inclusion criteria. These species were isolated more often (p < 0.05) from the surgical ward from mixed etiology infections with E. coli. In our review, we included 39 case reports involving E. raffinosus, E. durans and E. avium; (4) Conclusions: Isolation of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci displays an emerging trend with crucial healthcare consequences. Based on the analysis of the case reports, E. avium seems to be involved more often in neurological infections, E. durans in endocarditis, while E. raffinosus displays a more heterogenous distribution.
PubMed: 35453797
DOI: 10.3390/biology11040598 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Dec 2022Elemental selenium, a new type of selenium supplement, can be biosynthesized via microorganisms. This study is to characterize a patent probiotic bacteria Enterococcus...
BACKGROUND
Elemental selenium, a new type of selenium supplement, can be biosynthesized via microorganisms. This study is to characterize a patent probiotic bacteria Enterococcus durans A8-1, capable of reducing selenite (Se or Se) to elemental selenium (Se) with the formation of Se nanoparticles (SeNPs).
METHODS
The selenium nanoparticles synthesized from A8-1 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron energy (XPS). The Caco2 cells were used to investigate the effects of Se-enriched A8-1 on the viability, membrane integrity, and the regulation of cellular inflammation through MTT and ELISA assays. The selenium-enriched metabolic function of A8-1 was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing.
RESULTS
E. durans A8-1 has the ability to synthesize intracellular SeNPs that are incubated with 60 mg/L sodium selenite for 18 h at 37 °C with 7 % inoculum under aerobic conditions. The selenium-enriched transformation rate increased to 43.46 %. After selenium enrichment, there were no significant morphological changes in E. durans A8-1 cells. The cells also exhibited no cytotoxicity when incubated with Caco-2 cells, and increased cellular proliferation. Furthermore, Se-enriched A8-1 cells antagonize the adhesion of S. typhimurium ATCC14028 onto the surface of Caco-2 cells protecting cell membrane integrity and was assessed by measuring LDH and AKP activities (P <0.001, P <0.001). Moreover, Se-enriched A8-1 could protect Caco-2 cells from inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide and help the cells alleviate the inflammation through the reduced expression of cytokine IL-8 (P = 0.0012, P <0.001) and TNF-α (P <0.001, P <0.001). Based on transcriptome sequencing in Se-enriched E. durans A8-1 cells, there were 485 up-regulated genes and 322 down-regulated genes (P < 0.05). There were 19 predicted up-regulated genes that are highly related to the potential selenium metabolism pathway, which focuses on the transportation of NaSeO by membrane proteins, and gradually reduces NaSeO to elemental selenium aggregates that are deposited onto the membrane surface via the intracellular redox response.
CONCLUSION
E. durans A8-1 could convert extracellular selenite into intracellular biological SeNPs via redox pathway with strong selenium-rich metabolism, and its biological SeNPs have anti-inflammatory properties, which have the potential for the development of composite selenium nanomaterials and can be further studied for the function of SeNPs with potential applications.
Topics: Caco-2 Cells; Enterococcus; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-8; Lipopolysaccharides; Membrane Proteins; Nanoparticles; Probiotics; Selenious Acid; Selenium; Sodium Selenite; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35939922
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127056 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021To evaluate the probiotic characteristics and safety of isolate A8-1 from a fecal sample of a healthy Chinese infant, we determined the tolerance to low pH, survival in...
To evaluate the probiotic characteristics and safety of isolate A8-1 from a fecal sample of a healthy Chinese infant, we determined the tolerance to low pH, survival in bile salts and NaCl, adhesion ability, biofilm formation, antimicrobial activity, toxin gene distribution, hemolysis, gelatinase activity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence to and interpreted the characters by genome resequencing. Phenotypically, A8-1 survived at pH 5.0 in 7.0% NaCl and 3% bile salt under aerobic and anaerobic condition. The bacterium had higher adhesion ability toward mucin, collagen, and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and showed high hydrophobicity (79.2% in chloroform, 49.2% in xylene), auto-aggregation activity (51.7%), and could co-aggregate (66.2%) with . It had adhesion capability to intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells (38.74%) with moderate biofilm production and antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. A8-1 can antagonize the adhesion of ATCC14028 on Caco-2 cells to protect the integrity of the cell membrane by detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and AKP activities. A8-1 also helps the cell relieve the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide by reducing the expression of cytokine IL-8 ( = 0.002) and TNF-α ( > 0.05), and increasing the IL-10 ( < 0.001). For the safety evaluation, A8-1 showed no hemolytic activity, no gelatinase activity, and had only positive in the seven detected virulence genes in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas it was not predicted in the genome sequence. It was susceptible to benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, vancomycin, erythromycin, and quinupristin/dalofopine except clindamycin, which was verified by the predicted , , , and genes contributing to the clindamycin resistance. The virulence test of showed that it had toxicity lower than 10% at 1 × 10 CFU. According to the results of these evaluated attributes, strain A8-1 could be a promising probiotic candidate for applications.
PubMed: 34970251
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799173 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Acrylamide is an unsaturated amide that forms in heated, starchy food products. This study was conducted to (1) examine the ability of 38 LAB to remove acrylamide; (2)...
Acrylamide is an unsaturated amide that forms in heated, starchy food products. This study was conducted to (1) examine the ability of 38 LAB to remove acrylamide; (2) optimize acrylamide removal of selected LAB under various conditions (pH, temperature, time and salt) using the Box-Behnken design (BBD); (3) the behavior of the selected LAB under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions; and (4) investigate the mechanism of adsorption. Out of the 38 LAB, and had the highest results in removing acrylamide, with 33 and 30% removal, respectively. Those two LAB were further examined for their binding abilities under optimized conditions of pH (4.5-6.5), temperature (32°C - 42°C), time (14-22 h), and NaCl (0-3% w/v) using BBD. pH was the main factor influenced the acrylamide removal compared to other factors. and exhibited acrylamide removal of 44 and 53%, respectively, after the digestion. Zeta potential results indicated that the changes in the charges were not the main cause of acrylamide removal. Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) results indicated that the cell walls of the bacteria increased when cultured in media supplemented with acrylamide.
PubMed: 36425028
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.925174 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant, livestock-associated Enterococcus faecalis represents a public health concern. Here, we report the isolation, molecular...
Antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequencing of novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus durans isolated from livestock.
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant, livestock-associated Enterococcus faecalis represents a public health concern. Here, we report the isolation, molecular detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants, in addition to the phylogenetic analyses of 20 Enterococcus species using whole genome sequencing analysis of 15 Enterococcus faecalis strains including six strains of three novel sequence types, three Enterococcus faecium and two Enterococcus durans. All strains were isolated from food chain animals in South Africa. Enterococcus strains were isolated on bile aesculin azide agar, followed by identification using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted and sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequence reads were trimmed and de novo assembled. The assembled contigs were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance genes and chromosomal mutations, extra-chromosomal plasmids, and multi-locus sequence type (MLST). Multidrug antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, sat4, and spw), lincosamides (lnu(B), lsa(A), and lsa(E)), macrolides (erm(B)), trimethoprim (dfrG) and tetracyclines (tet(L) and tet(M)) were identified. Plasmid replicons were detected in seven E. faecalis and three E. faecium isolates. The sequence type (ST) of each isolate was determined using the Enterococcus PubMLST database. Ten STs were identified in the collection, three of which (ST1240, ST1241, and ST1242) have not been previously reported and are described in the present study for the first time. To compare the sequenced strains to other previously sequenced E. faecalis strains, assembled sequences of E. faecalis from livestock were downloaded from the PubMLST database. Core genome-based phylogenetic analysis was performed using ParSNP. The detection of multiple drug-resistance in Enterococcus including E. faecalis and E. faecium highlights the significance of genomic surveillance to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance in food chain animals. In addition, the genome sequences of Enterococcus strains reported in the present study will serve as a reference point for future molecular epidemiological studies of livestock-associated and antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis in Africa. In addition, this study enables the in-depth analysis of E. faecalis genomic structure, as well as provides valuable information on the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and the pathogenesis of livestock-associated E. faecalis and E. faecium.
Topics: Animals; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Livestock; Phylogeny; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Whole Genome Sequencing; South Africa; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
PubMed: 37903806
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42838-z -
Scientific Reports Mar 2020Various bacteria from the Bacillus species have been used as pesticides against mosquito larvae for more than a decade. The prolonged use of these bacterial species by...
Various bacteria from the Bacillus species have been used as pesticides against mosquito larvae for more than a decade. The prolonged use of these bacterial species by little alteration within their genome, using various permutations and combinations of mosquito-cidal toxins, has proven unsuccessful in controlling the mosquito population. In our current study we report Enterococcus sp. to be exhibiting similar kind of mosquito-cidal toxins alike those which are present in the mainly used Bacillus strains. Three Enterococcus species were isolated on a rich media selective for gram- positive bacteria from the mid-gut of dead mosquito larvae which were collected from the wild locations within and around the city of Mumbai, India. Their surface morphologies were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and their identity was confirmed using the standard 16S rRNA sequencing method. Upon performing several repetitive toxicity assays of these three strains on the laboratory cultured third instar stage of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, showed differential toxicities from a minimum of 20% (LC: 59.6 CFU/ml), intermediate 35% (LC: 48.4 CFU/ml) and a maximum of 60% (LC: 35.7 CFU/ml). To justify the data in all the three similar strains of Enterococcus durans, we followed the differential proteomics using LCMS 6540 UHD Accurate Mass QTOF and differential metabolomics approach using both LCMS 6540 UHD Accurate Mass QTOF and H-NMR. The presence and significance of the obtained toxins were studied to elucidate the plausible reason for showing differential toxicities. This work helped in identifying Enterococcus durans as a new, potential and alternative strain to the Bacillus species in terms of mosquito larvicidal toxicity against Culex quinquefasciatus.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Culex; Enterococcus; Insecticides; Larva; Metabolomics; Mice; Mosquito Control; Proteomics
PubMed: 32179781
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61245-2