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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022In this study, the two lactic acid bacterial strains and previously isolated from soft , a traditionally fermented milk product prepared by the indigenous community of...
In this study, the two lactic acid bacterial strains and previously isolated from soft , a traditionally fermented milk product prepared by the indigenous community of Sikkim Himalayas and healthy human gut were used. In this study, we attempted to investigate the probiotic attributes, safety, and health beneficial role, and hypercholesterolemia of and . Both probiotic potential strains showed good hypocholesterolemic activity along with tolerance to acid pH (2 and 2.5), tolerance to three bile salts, oxbile, cholic acid, and taurocholic acid (0.5 and 1%), presence of BSH enzyme and its activity, and cell surface adherence. On assessing for safety, both LAB strains were sensitive to antibiotics and exhibited no hemolytic activity. The probiotic strains were tested in the Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided into five experimental groups: Normal Control (ND), probiotic strain HS03 (BSH-negative) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD1), probiotic strain YY1 (BSH-positive) and high-cholesterol diet (HCD2), and a combination of both strains and high-cholesterol diet (HCD3) and Negative Control (HCD). The probiotic-treated groups HCD1, HCD2, and HCD3 showed a decrease in serum cholesterol levels up to 22.55, 6.67, and 31.06%; the TG and VLDL concentrations were 25.39, 26.3, and 33.21%; reduction in LDL-cholesterol was 33.66, 28.50, and 35.87%; and increase of HDL was 38.32, 47.9, and 41.92%. Similarly, the effects of total cholesterol and TG in the liver, kidney and liver histopathology, liver and body lipid index, and oxidative stress in rat liver were also studied. The fecal lactobacilli were more in the samples of the probiotic-treated groups and their fecal coliform and . counts decreased relatively as compared to the control groups in 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. This is the first report on the probiotic potential of HS03 and YY1 strains that gives a new insight into the cholesterol-lowering and probiotic product development with wide health attributes.
PubMed: 35783420
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909987 -
PloS One 2016Probiotic properties of Enterococcus strains have been reported previously. In this study, we investigated the effects of Enterococcus (E.) durans TN-3 on the...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Probiotic properties of Enterococcus strains have been reported previously. In this study, we investigated the effects of Enterococcus (E.) durans TN-3 on the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis.
METHODS
BALB/c mice were fed with 4.0% DSS in normal chow. Administration of TN-3 (10mg/day) was initiated 7days before the start of DSS feeding. Mucosal cytokine expression was analyzed by real time-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The lymphocyte subpopulation were analyzed by flow cytometry. The gut microbiota profile was analyzed by a terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (T-RFLP).
RESULTS
The disease activity index and histological colitis score were significantly lower in the DSS plus TN-3 group than in the DSS group. The mucosal mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A and IFN-γ) decreased significantly in the DSS plus TN-3 group as compared to the DSS group. The proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the mucosa increased significantly in the DSS plus TN-3 group as compared to the DSS group. Both fecal butyrate levels and the diversity of fecal microbial community were significantly higher in the TN-3 plus DSS group than in the DSS group.
CONCLUSIONS
E. durans TN-3 exerted an inhibitory effect on the development of DSS colitis. This action might be mediated by the induction of Treg cells and the restoration of the diversity of the gut microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Colitis; Cytokines; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Enterococcus; Feces; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Probiotics; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
PubMed: 27438072
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159705 -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2017Enterococcus is ubiquitous in nature and is a commensal of both the bovine and human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is also associated with clinical infections in...
BACKGROUND
Enterococcus is ubiquitous in nature and is a commensal of both the bovine and human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It is also associated with clinical infections in humans. Subtherapeutic administration of antibiotics to cattle selects for antibiotic resistant enterococci in the bovine GI tract. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be present in enterococci following antibiotic use in cattle. If located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) their dissemination between Enterococcus species and to pathogenic bacteria may be promoted, reducing the efficacy of antibiotics.
RESULTS
We present a comparative genomic analysis of twenty-one Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine feces including Enterococcus hirae (n = 10), Enterococcus faecium (n = 3), Enterococcus villorum (n = 2), Enterococcus casseliflavus (n = 2), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1), Enterococcus durans (n = 1), Enterococcus gallinarum (n = 1) and Enterococcus thailandicus (n = 1). The analysis revealed E. faecium and E. faecalis from bovine feces share features with human clinical isolates, including virulence factors. The Tn917 transposon conferring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance was identified in both E. faecium and E. hirae, suggesting dissemination of ARGs on MGEs may occur in the bovine GI tract. An E. faecium isolate was also identified with two integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) belonging to the Tn916 family of ICE, Tn916 and Tn5801, both conferring tetracycline resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the presence of enterococci in the bovine GI tract possessing ARGs on MGEs, but the predominant species in cattle, E. hirae is not commonly associated with infections in humans. Analysis using additional complete genomes of E. faecium from the NCBI database demonstrated differential clustering of commensal and clinical isolates, suggesting that these strains may be specifically adapted to their respective environments.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cluster Analysis; DNA Transposable Elements; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Enterococcus hirae; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Streptogramin B; Tetracycline Resistance; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28270110
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0962-1 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2003The effects of three different growth media (MRS, M17 and Lee's) on survival during freeze-drying and subsequent storage of six strains of Enterococcus faecalis and two... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIMS
The effects of three different growth media (MRS, M17 and Lee's) on survival during freeze-drying and subsequent storage of six strains of Enterococcus faecalis and two strains of E. durans were investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Distinct Enterococcus spp. strains were grown on M17, MRS and Lee's broth, freeze-dried and stored at 20 degrees C in air under darkness. At regular intervals throughout storage, freeze-dried samples were rehydrated and then plated on M17 agar.
CONCLUSIONS
A higher survival rate during storage of dried E. durans was obtained when growth occurred in MRS. The same effect was not observed, however, for the majority of E. faecalis strains, which clearly survived better in the dried state when this organism had been grown in M17 or Lee's medium.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY
The survival of the dried Enterococcus spp. tested during storage was shown to be strain-specific and dependent on the growth medium.
Topics: Culture Media; Enterococcus; Enterococcus faecalis; Freeze Drying; Preservation, Biological; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 12752801
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01853.x -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2020This study was aimed to investigate the intestinal microbiota in racing pigeons with regard to Enterococcus species distribution, virulence factors and antibiotic...
BACKGROUND
This study was aimed to investigate the intestinal microbiota in racing pigeons with regard to Enterococcus species distribution, virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility. Three methods (API, Multiplex sodA-PCR, 16S rRNA sequencing) were compared for Enterococcus species identification. Cloacal samples from 179 apparently healthy pigeons of 13 different flocks were tested.
RESULTS
Multiplex sodA-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed almost perfect agreement in Enterococcus species identification. Isolates were identified as Enterococcus columbae (34.5%), Enterococcus hirae (20.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (11.7%), Enterococcus faecium (11.7%), Enterococcus gallinarum (9%), Enterococcus mundtii (4.8%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (3.4%), Enterococcus cecorum (2.1%), Enterococcus durans (2.1%). More Enterococcus species were found after the race season than before. The study showed differences between Enterococcus species in relation to 68.8% (22/32) biochemical parameters. Six out of seven virulence genes were detected: gelE (43.5%), asa1 (42.1%), efaA (30.3%), ace (30.3%), cylA (27.6%), and esp (9%). None of the isolates harboured hyl gene. Overall 15.2% of Enterococcus isolates produced gelatinase, but 66.7% gelE genes were silent. Enterococcus faecalis showed the most often efaA, ace and gelatinase activity than other enterococcal species. Nearly all isolates (93.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The most frequent resistance was to enrofloxacin (80%), doxycycline with teicoplanin (73.1%), erythromycin (49.7%). The study revealed significant differences between some enterococcal species in the antibiotic susceptibility to different antibiotics. Enterococcus columbae and E. cecorum showed significantly more frequent resistance to chloramphenicol than other enterococci. The presence of VRE (19.3%), HLGR (2.8%) and no LRE were found. Overall 30.3% of isolates were positive for vancomycin resistance genes, where vanC1 (E. gallinarum), vanC2-C3 (E. hirae, E. casseliflavus), vanB (E. columbae) predominated.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude, that intestinal microbiota in racing pigeons is composed by 9 different Enterococcus species. Given that racing pigeons are kept in close contact with humans and backyard animals, combined with their long-distance flight abilities, they can serve as potential source of virulent and antibiotic resistant Enterococcus spp. in the environment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Columbidae; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31910839
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2200-6 -
Veterinary World Sep 2023Many strains of probiotics have been exploited and used as animal dietary supplements for broiler production. The efficacy and survival of probiotics during production...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Many strains of probiotics have been exploited and used as animal dietary supplements for broiler production. The efficacy and survival of probiotics during production may reflect better activities of the probiotics in the host. This study investigated the effects of freeze- and spray-drying on the survivability and properties of probiotics and their ability to improve the growth and health performance of broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Probiotic powders of four strains of lactic acid bacteria, CA4, CH33, CH24, SH8, and KKU213, were prepared using rice bran/chitosan/carboxy methyl cellulose as the carrier. The survival of each probiotic strain was investigated under stress conditions, including freeze-drying, spray-drying, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The body weight gain (BWG) and intestinal histomorphology were determined to assess broiler growth performance.
RESULTS
All dried probiotics yielded a high survival rate during freeze-drying (95.8-98.6%) and spray-drying (94.4-98.2%). In addition, an analysis of the main effect revealed that the effectiveness of freeze-drying was higher than that of spray-drying in minimizing the loss of cell viability. The antimicrobial activity of all immobilized dried probiotic strains against was maintained. The immobilized probiotics tolerated a low pH value of 2.0 and 0.5% (w/v) bile salt. Probiotic administration of a mixture of the five dried probiotics to 1-day-old hatched male broilers at early and late ages resulted in potential colonization in the broiler intestine, and enhancements in the BWG, lipid metabolism, and gut health (villus height and cryptal depth) were observed in the probiotic-treated groups.
CONCLUSION
The administration of three doses of the spray-dried probiotic mixture at days 15, 17, and 19 after hatching was sufficient to achieve long-term growth and health benefits in broilers. This finding might provide a cost-effective alternative to the administration of commonly used antibiotics in broiler production.
PubMed: 37859958
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1849-1865 -
Journal of Laboratory Physicians 2019Enterococcus is an important pathogen, and with its emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials, the management of infection is becoming increasingly difficult.
Study of vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus species and evaluation of a rapid spot test for enterococci from Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim, India.
BACKGROUND
Enterococcus is an important pathogen, and with its emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials, the management of infection is becoming increasingly difficult.
AIM
The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors associated with enterococcal infection or colonization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this prospective study, samples from inpatients were screened for resistant enterococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration by the agar dilution method. A modification of a test tube method of sodium chloride-esculin hydrolysis to a spot test was evaluated for its rapidity and reliability in the presumptive diagnosis of enterococci.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Fisher's exact test was used for continuous (Student's -test) and categorical variables. Multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression using IBM SPSS 20.0 software (Armonk, NY, USA).
RESULTS
species were isolated from 182 samples: (68.7%), (20.9%), (6%), and Enterococcus durans (4.4%). Maximum resistance was to ciprofloxacin (59.3%) and least to linezolid (0.5%). The isolation rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was 13.7%; 30.2% and 20.9% were of high-level gentamicin and streptomycin, respectively. All 182 species gave positive results within 30-60 min by the rapid spot test.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was observed more than glycopeptide resistance. Surveillance strategies need to be upgraded and implemented in order to prevent the emergence and further spread of not only VRE but also HLAR enterococci in the hospital. The spot test gave reliable and rapid results in presumptive identification of enterococci.
PubMed: 31579233
DOI: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_5_19 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023This study sought to evaluate the probiotic properties and the food preservation ability of lactic acid bacteria isolates collected from the intestines of wild marine...
Selection and Characterization of Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria from the Intestine of Gilthead Seabream () and Whiting Fish (): Promising Strains for Aquaculture Probiotic and Food Bio-Preservation.
This study sought to evaluate the probiotic properties and the food preservation ability of lactic acid bacteria isolates collected from the intestines of wild marine fishes (gilthead seabream () ( = 60) and whiting fish () ( = 40)) from the Mediterranean sea in the area of Mostaganem city, Algeria. Forty-two isolates were identified as: ( = 19), ( = 15), ( = 4), subp. ( = 3), and ( = 1). All isolates showed inhibition to at least one indicator strain, especially against , , , , , , and . In all collected isolates, PCR analysis of enterocin-encoding genes showed the following genes: ( = 21), 1071A/B ( = 11), ( = 8), L50A/B ( = 7), AS48 ( = 5), and ( = 1). Interestingly, 15 isolates harbored more than one gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic virulence, and genes encoding virulence factors were investigated by PCR. Resistance to tetracycline ( = 8: + , erythromycin ( = 7: 5 , 2 , and 1 (A/E)), ciprofloxacin ( = 1), gentamicin ( = 1: (6')-(2″)), and linezolid ( = 1) were observed. Three isolates were gelatinase producers and eight were α-hemolytic. Three and one harbored the gene. Eight isolates showing safety properties (susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics, free of genes encoding virulence factors) were tested to select probiotic candidates. They showed high tolerance to low pH and bile salt, hydrophobicity power, and co-culture ability. The eight isolates showed important phenotypic and genotypic traits enabling them to be promising probiotic candidates or food bio-conservers and starter cultures.
PubMed: 37763237
DOI: 10.3390/life13091833 -
Research in Microbiology 2021The manganese superoxide dismutase (SodA) of E. faecium strain AUS0004 has been characterised. It is most closely related to Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans,...
The manganese superoxide dismutase (SodA) of E. faecium strain AUS0004 has been characterised. It is most closely related to Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus villorium, and Enterococcus mundtii with 100%, 91,55%, 90,85%, and 90,58% homology, respectively, but more distant from SodA of E. faecalis (81.68%). A sodA deletion mutant has been constructed. Compared to the parental strain, the ΔsodA mutant was affected in aerobic growth and more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (HO), cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), and the superoxide anion (O) generator menadione. The E. faecium strain AUS0004 is part of those bacteria accumulating HO to high concentrations (around 5 mM) starting from late exponential growth phase. Accumulation of the peroxide was around 25% less in the mutant suggesting that this part of HO is due to the dismutation of O by SodA. The sodA gene of E. faecium AUS0004 was induced by oxygen, peroxides and menadione but the corresponding regulator remains hitherto unknown. Finally, we showed that SodA activity is important for virulence in the Galleria mellonella model.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Animals; Antioxidants; Bacterial Proteins; Benzene Derivatives; Enterococcus faecium; Enzyme Induction; Genome, Bacterial; Hydrogen Peroxide; Moths; Oxidative Stress; Phylogeny; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides; Virulence
PubMed: 34474124
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103876 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2010This study evaluated the use of Enterococcus species differentiation as a tool for microbial source tracking (MST) in recreational waters.
AIMS
This study evaluated the use of Enterococcus species differentiation as a tool for microbial source tracking (MST) in recreational waters.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Avian, mammalian and human faecal samples were screened for the occurrence of Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus saccharolyticus using multiplex PCR. Host-specific patterns of Enterococcus species presence were observed only when data for multiple Enterococcus species were considered in aggregate.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that no single Enterococcus species is a reliable indicator of the host faecal source. However, Enterococcus species composite 'fingerprints' may offer auxiliary evidence for bacterial source identification.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY
This study presents novel information on the enterococci species assemblages present in avian and mammalian hosts proximate to the nearshore ocean. These data will aid the development of appropriate MST strategies, and the approach used in this study could potentially assist in the identification of faecal pollution sources.
Topics: Enterococcus; Environmental Monitoring; Feces; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recreation
PubMed: 20132375
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04675.x