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Cell Sep 2022Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The expression of EBV viral proteins and non-coding RNAs contribute to EBV-mediated disease pathologies. The virus establishes life-long latency in the human host and is adept at evading host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the life cycle of EBV, the various functions of EBV-encoded proteins and RNAs, the ability of the virus to activate and evade immune responses, as well as the neoplastic and autoimmune diseases that are associated with EBV infection in the human population.
Topics: Biology; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; RNA; Viral Proteins; Virus Latency
PubMed: 36113467
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026 -
Cancer Science Apr 2019Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and is etiologically linked to various malignancies. Certain EBV-associated diseases, such as Burkitt lymphomas and... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and is etiologically linked to various malignancies. Certain EBV-associated diseases, such as Burkitt lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, are endemic and exhibit biased geographic distribution worldwide. Recent advances in deep sequencing technology enabled high-throughput sequencing of the EBV genome from clinical samples. Rapid cloning and sequencing of cancer-derived EBV genomes, followed by reconstitution of infectious virus, have also become possible. These developments have revealed that various EBV strains are differentially distributed throughout the world, and that the behavior of cancer-derived EBV strains is different from that of the prototype EBV strain of non-cancerous origin. In this review, we summarize recent progress and future perspectives regarding the association between EBV strain variation and cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Viral; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30697862
DOI: 10.1111/cas.13954 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2022Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is the trigger for the development of multiple sclerosis.
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus is the trigger for the development of multiple sclerosis.
Topics: Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis
PubMed: 35025606
DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7930 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2016This review covers relevant clinical and laboratory information relating to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in immunocompromised hosts. It describes the epidemiology... (Review)
Review
This review covers relevant clinical and laboratory information relating to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in immunocompromised hosts. It describes the epidemiology and clinical manifestations with a primary focus on disease in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients. The review pays particular attention to diagnostic approaches, including serologic testing and imaging, with an expanded discussion on the role of measuring the EBV load in peripheral blood, identifying both strengths and limitations of this assay. Additional attention is paid to potential additional strategies of immunologic monitoring that may enhance the performance of EBV load monitoring.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Viral Load
PubMed: 27337443
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0011-2015 -
Biomolecules Sep 2021Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment. This review will provide a summary of the interaction between both psychological and cellular stressors resulting in EBV reactivation. It will examine mechanisms by which EBV establishes and maintains latency and will conclude with a brief overview of treatments targeting EBV.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Stress, Psychological; Virus Latency
PubMed: 34572593
DOI: 10.3390/biom11091380 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2011Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus that infects a large fraction of the human population. Primary infection is often asymptomatic but results in lifelong... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus that infects a large fraction of the human population. Primary infection is often asymptomatic but results in lifelong infection, which is kept in check by the host immune system. In some cases, primary infection can result in infectious mononucleosis. Furthermore, when host-virus balance is not achieved, the virus can drive potentially lethal lymphoproliferation and lymphomagenesis. In this review, we describe the biology of EBV and the host immune response. We review the diagnosis of EBV infection and discuss the characteristics and pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis. These topics are approached in the context of developing therapeutic and preventative strategies.
Topics: Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans
PubMed: 21233512
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00044-10 -
Cancer Letters Dec 2020Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a common malignant tumor associated with EBV infection. The molecular classification of gastric carcinoma... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a common malignant tumor associated with EBV infection. The molecular classification of gastric carcinoma indicates that EBVaGC is a distinct subtype in terms of oncogenesis and molecular features. Viral proteins, Bam-HI-A rightward transcripts (BART) miRNAs, and Bam-HI A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) promote oncogenesis after EBV infection via the induction of methylation, regulation of host gene expression, and malignant transformation. Together with abnormal mutations and amplification of the host genome as driving factors, interactions between the EBV genome and host genome accelerate carcinogenesis. The molecular profile of EBVaGC is that of EBV driving DNA hypermethylation, frequent phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, and the overexpression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and PD-L2. Clinically, the frequency of lymph node metastasis is lower, and the prognosis is better for EBVaGC than EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). Pathologically, EBVaGC is a gastric adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma. This review interprets how the EBV genome is involved in the oncogenesis of gastric cancer and describes the molecular and clinicopathological features of EBVaGC.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Regulatory Networks; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; MicroRNAs; RNA, Viral; Stomach Neoplasms; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32979463
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.019 -
Current Opinion in Virology Jun 2013Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) maintains a lifelong infection. According to the germinal center model (GCM), latently infected B cells transit the germinal center (GC) to... (Review)
Review
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) maintains a lifelong infection. According to the germinal center model (GCM), latently infected B cells transit the germinal center (GC) to become resting memory cells. Here, the virus resides quiescently, occasionally reactivating to infect new B cells, completing the cycle of infection. The GCM remains the only model that explains EBV biology and the pathogenesis of lymphoma. Recent work suggests modifications to the model notably that the virus contributes only modestly to the GC process and predictions from mathematical models that quiescence within memory B cells shapes the overall structure of viral infection but is not essential for persistence. Rather, it is the cycle of infection which allows viral persistence at the very low levels observed.
Topics: B-Lymphocytes; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Virus Latency
PubMed: 23683686
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.04.005 -
Blood Aug 2019Although a pathogenic role for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is largely undisputed for tumors that are consistently EBV genome positive (eg, nasopharyngeal carcinoma,... (Review)
Review
Although a pathogenic role for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is largely undisputed for tumors that are consistently EBV genome positive (eg, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, endemic Burkitt lymphoma), this is not the case for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), a tumor with only a variable EBV association. In light of recent developments in immunotherapeutics and small molecules targeting EBV, we believe it is now timely to reevaluate the role of EBV in cHL pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genes, Viral; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31186275
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000568 -
Virology Journal Oct 2023Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the human B lymphotropic herpesvirus family and is highly prevalent in the human population. Once infected, a... (Review)
Review
Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the human B lymphotropic herpesvirus family and is highly prevalent in the human population. Once infected, a host can experience latent infection because EBV evades the immune system, leading to hosts harboring the virus for their lifetime. EBV is associated with many diseases and causes significant challenges to human health. This review first offers a description of the natural history of EBV infection, clarifies the interaction between EBV and the immune system, and finally focuses on several major types of diseases caused by EBV infection.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human
PubMed: 37784180
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02187-9