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EFORT Open Reviews Aug 2017Shoulder stability depends on the position of the arm as well as activities of the muscles around the shoulder. The capsulo-ligamentous structures are the main... (Review)
Review
Shoulder stability depends on the position of the arm as well as activities of the muscles around the shoulder. The capsulo-ligamentous structures are the main stabilisers with the arm at the end-range of movement, whereas negative intra-articular pressure and concavity-compression effect are the main stabilisers with the arm in the mid-range of movement.There are two types of glenoid bone loss: fragment type and erosion type. A bone loss of the humeral head, known as a Hill-Sachs lesion (HSL), is a compression fracture of the humeral head caused by the anterior rim of the glenoid when the humeral head is dislocated anteriorly in front of the glenoid. Four out of five patients with anterior instability have both Hill-Sachs and glenoid bone lesions, which is called a 'bipolar lesion'.With the arm moving along the posterior end-range of movement, or with the arm in various degrees of abduction, maximum external rotation and maximum horizontal extension, the glenoid moves along the posterior articular margin of the humeral head. This contact zone of the glenoid with the humeral head is called the 'glenoid track'.A HSL, which stays on the glenoid track (on-track lesion), cannot engage with the glenoid and cannot cause dislocation. On the other hand, a HSL, which is out of the glenoid track (off-track lesion), has a risk of engagement and dislocation. Clinical validation studies show that the 'on-track/off-track' concept is able to predict reliably the risk of a HSL being engaged with the glenoid. For off-track lesions, either remplissage or Latarjet procedure is indicated, depending upon the glenoid defect size and the risk of recurrence. Cite this article: 2017;2:343-351.
PubMed: 28932486
DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.170007 -
Cardiovascular Research Nov 2021Inflammation orchestrates each stage of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, inflammatory mediators likely link many traditional and emerging risk factors... (Review)
Review
Inflammation orchestrates each stage of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, inflammatory mediators likely link many traditional and emerging risk factors with atherogenesis. Atheroma initiation involves endothelial activation with recruitment of leucocytes to the arterial intima, where they interact with lipoproteins or their derivatives that have accumulated in this layer. The prolonged and usually clinically silent progression of atherosclerosis involves periods of smouldering inflammation, punctuated by episodes of acute activation that may arise from inflammatory mediators released from sites of extravascular injury or infection or from subclinical disruptions of the plaque. Smooth muscle cells and infiltrating leucocytes can proliferate but also undergo various forms of cell death that typically lead to formation of a lipid-rich 'necrotic' core within the evolving intimal lesion. Extracellular matrix synthesized by smooth muscle cells can form a fibrous cap that overlies the lesion's core. Thus, during progression of atheroma, cells not only procreate but perish. Inflammatory mediators participate in both processes. The ultimate clinical complication of atherosclerotic plaques involves disruption that provokes thrombosis, either by fracture of the plaque's fibrous cap or superficial erosion. The consequent clots can cause acute ischaemic syndromes if they embarrass perfusion. Incorporation of the thrombi can promote plaque healing and progressive intimal thickening that can aggravate stenosis and further limit downstream blood flow. Inflammatory mediators regulate many aspects of both plaque disruption and healing process. Thus, inflammatory processes contribute to all phases of the life cycle of atherosclerotic plaques, and represent ripe targets for mitigating the disease.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Leukocytes; Lipid Metabolism; Macrophages; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34550337
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab303 -
PeerJ 2022Dental erosion is a chemical loss of the mineralized dental tissue caused by exposure to nonbacterial acids. Different treatment protocols have been adopted with the use...
BACKGROUND
Dental erosion is a chemical loss of the mineralized dental tissue caused by exposure to nonbacterial acids. Different treatment protocols have been adopted with the use of fluoride compounds to promote the formation of a layer of mineral precipitation in eroded lesions.
AIM
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the main treatments for dental erosion.
METHODOLOGY
This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and recorded in the Open Science Framework database (OSF) under DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/XMFNZ. The searches were conducted in six electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, Lilacs) and two grey literature sources (Google Scholar and OpenGrey). The eligibility criteria included studies that evaluated eroded teeth under treatment with some topical agent. Risk of bias assessment and qualitative synthesis were performed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias modified for studies.
RESULTS
A total of 522 studies were identified, and only four studies that fulfilled our eligibility criteria were included in this review. Among these studies, three were considered to have a low risk of bias, and one to have a high risk of bias. Two studies evaluated the anti-erosion effect of fluoride toothpaste, and the other two assessed the action of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the surface of human teeth. Among the products analyzed, CPP-ACP was the only one that promoted a significant increase in enamel microhardness and reduced tooth wear.
CONCLUSION
Based on the studies included in this review, there was no anti-erosion effect after using different fluoride toothpaste. However, it should be considered that one of these studies presented a high risk of bias. On the other hand, studies with CPP-ACP showed anti-erosion efficacy when applied before or after erosive wear.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Toothpastes; Tooth Remineralization; Minerals
PubMed: 36389398
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13864 -
Caries Research 2021Non-carious dental lesions such as developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and erosive tooth wear (ETW) are the subject of intensive research. This paper aims to give... (Review)
Review
Non-carious dental lesions such as developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and erosive tooth wear (ETW) are the subject of intensive research. This paper aims to give perspectives on both DDE, including dental fluorosis and molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), and ETW, presenting epidemiological data from the Americas and associated diagnostic aspects. Besides, it is important to present evidence to guide the clinical assessment process, supporting the clinicians' management decisions towards better oral health of their patients. The overall increase in the worldwide prevalence of non-carious lesions discussed in this this paper may reflect the need of perceptual changes. Although the number of publications related to these conditions has been increasing in the last years, there is still a need for clinical diagnostic and management awareness to include these conditions in routine dental practice. Besides, it is important to provide recommendations for standardized clinical assessment criteria, improving the process and helping clinicians' adherence. In this sense, this paper discusses the most commonly implemented indices for each condition. Thus, despite the wide range of diagnostic indices, BEWE is proposed to be the index recommended for ETW assessment, Dean or Thylstrup & Fejerskov indices for fluorosis and preferably the EAPD criteria (or modified DDE index) for MIH. Overall, non-carious lesions are a growing concern, and it is important to implement preventive measures that control their severity and progression, and accurate diagnosis by the dental clinician.
Topics: Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Prevalence; Tooth Attrition; Tooth Wear; United States
PubMed: 33440378
DOI: 10.1159/000512483 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2013This study aimed to determine the brushing forces applied during in vivo toothbrushing with manual and sonic toothbrushes and to analyse the effect of these brushing...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to determine the brushing forces applied during in vivo toothbrushing with manual and sonic toothbrushes and to analyse the effect of these brushing forces on abrasion of sound and eroded enamel and dentin in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Brushing forces of a manual and two sonic toothbrushes (low and high frequency mode) were measured in 27 adults before and after instruction of the respective brushing technique and statistically analysed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the in vitro experiment, sound and eroded enamel and dentin specimens (each subgroup n = 12) were brushed in an automatic brushing machine with the respective brushing forces using a fluoridated toothpaste slurry. Abrasion was determined by profilometry and statistically analysed by one-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
Average brushing force of the manual toothbrush (1.6 ± 0.3 N) was significantly higher than for the sonic toothbrushes (0.9 ± 0.2 N), which were not significantly different from each other. Brushing force prior and after instruction of the brushing technique was not significantly different. The manual toothbrush caused highest abrasion of sound and eroded dentin, but lowest on sound enamel. No significant differences were detected on eroded enamel.
CONCLUSION
Brushing forces of manual and sonic toothbrushes are different and affect their abrasive capacity.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Patients with severe tooth wear and exposed and/or eroded dentin surfaces should use sonic toothbrushes to reduce abrasion, while patients without tooth wear or with erosive lesions confining only to enamel do not benefit from sonic toothbrushes with regard to abrasion.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dental Enamel; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Abrasion; Tooth Erosion; Toothbrushing; Ultrasonics; Young Adult
PubMed: 22791283
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0788-z -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2015A 40-year-old male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -positive patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) developed bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy with...
A 40-year-old male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -positive patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) developed bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showing yeast cells of Penicillium marneffei. The adenopathy disappeared after 9 months of itraconazole therapy at a dose of 200 mg/day. Seven years later and 2 days following second-line HAART, the patient presented with generalized papulonodules and ulceronecrotic lesions. Biopsy of the skin lesion revealed plenty of yeast forms dividing by binary fission morphologically resembling Penicillium marneffei. Significant improvement was observed at 2 weeks of starting itraconazole 400 mg/day. After 3 months, the dose was reduced to 200 mg/day and advised to continue for 6 months. Penicillosis presenting initially in the form of cervical adenopathy and later, developing typical skin lesions rapidly progressing to ulcerative and necrotic erosions may be due to continued immunosuppression followed by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
PubMed: 25814751
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.152607