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International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2013Escherichia coli remains one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. E. coli is the prominent cause of enteritis,... (Review)
Review
Escherichia coli remains one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. E. coli is the prominent cause of enteritis, urinary tract infection, septicaemia and other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis. E. coli is also prominently associated with diarrhoea in pet and farm animals. The therapeutic treatment of E. coli infections is threatened by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains is increasing worldwide principally due to the spread of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli also occurs in Europe. Therefore, the spread of resistance in E. coli is an increasing public health concern in European countries. This paper summarizes the current status of E. coli strains clinically relevant in European countries. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions and strategies to prevent and control infections are presented and discussed. The article also provides an overview of the current knowledge concerning promising alternative therapies against E. coli diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biological Warfare Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Europe; Humans
PubMed: 24287850
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126235 -
Microbiome May 2022Antimicrobials are often used to prevent and treat diarrhea induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in young ruminants. However, drug overuse or misuse...
Gut microbiota-derived ursodeoxycholic acid from neonatal dairy calves improves intestinal homeostasis and colitis to attenuate extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection.
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobials are often used to prevent and treat diarrhea induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in young ruminants. However, drug overuse or misuse accelerates the spread of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Thus, supplementary foods as alternatives to antibiotics are needed to prevent colibacillus diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a therapeutic bile acid, helps alleviate colitis. However, how UDCA helps alleviate ESBL-EAEC-induced clinical symptoms and colitis remains unclear.
RESULTS
We investigated the microbial profiles and metabolites of healthy and diarrheic neonatal calves to determine microbial and metabolite biomarkers in early-life development. Both the gut microbiota communities and their associated metabolites differed between healthy and diarrheic calves. Commensal Butyricicoccus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Collinsella, and Coriobacterium were key microbial markers that distinguished healthy and diarrheic gut microbiomes. Random forest machine-learning algorithm and Spearman correlation results indicated that enriched UDCA, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other prebiotics were strongly positively correlated with these five bacterial genera. We explored the effect of ursodiol on bacterial growth, cell adherence, and lipopolysaccharide-treated Caco-2 cells. Adding ursodiol induced direct antibacterial effects, suppressed proinflammatory effects, and reduced cell integrity damage. Oral ursodiol delivery to neonatal mice exhibited significant antibacterial effects and helped maintain colonic barrier integrity in mouse models of peritonitis sepsis and oral infection. UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis and recovered colonic SCFA production. To validate this, we performed fecal microbiota transplantations to inoculate ESBL-EAEC-infected neonatal mice. Microbiotas from UDCA-treated neonatal mice ameliorated colitis and hindgut commensal bacterial damage compared with that of the microbiotas from the control and placebo mice, as evidenced by colonization of abundant bacteria, including Oscillospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Clostridia_UCG-014, and upregulated SCFA production.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided the first evidence that UDCA could confer diarrhea resistance in ESBL-EAEC-infected newborn dairy calves. UDCA blocked bacterial growth and invasion both in vitro and in vivo, alleviated commensal bacterial dysbiosis during ESBL-EAEC infection in neonatal mouse models of sepsis and colitis via the TGR5-NF-κB axis, and upregulated SCFA production in the hindgut digesta. Our findings provide insight into the UDCA-mediated remission of ESBL-EAEC infections and the potential role of UDCA as an antibiotic alternative. Video abstract.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Caco-2 Cells; Cattle; Colitis; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Humans; Mice; Sepsis; Ursodeoxycholic Acid; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35643532
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01269-0 -
Nutrition Journal Mar 2022Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases worldwide. Despite the efficacy of antibiotics targeted against UTI, the recurrence... (Review)
Review
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases worldwide. Despite the efficacy of antibiotics targeted against UTI, the recurrence rates remain significant among the patients. Furthermore, the development of antibiotic resistance is a major concern and creates a demand for alternative treatment options. D-mannose, a monosaccharide naturally found in fruits, is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement for reducing the risk for UTIs. Research suggests that supplemented D-mannose could be a promising alternative or complementary remedy especially as a prophylaxis for recurrent UTIs. When excreted in urine, D-mannose potentially inhibits Escherichia coli, the main causative organism of UTIs, from attaching to urothelium and causing infection. In this review, we provide an overview of UTIs, E. coli pathogenesis and D-mannose and outline the existing clinical evidence of D-mannose in reducing the risk of UTI and its recurrence. Furthermore, we discuss the potential effect mechanisms of D-mannose against uropathogenic E.coli.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Mannose; Urinary Tract Infections; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
PubMed: 35313893
DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00769-x -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... May 2021The role of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) as a cause of diarrhea in cancer and immunocompromised patients is controversial. Quantitation of fecal bacterial...
BACKGROUND
The role of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) as a cause of diarrhea in cancer and immunocompromised patients is controversial. Quantitation of fecal bacterial loads has been proposed as a method to differentiate colonized from truly infected patients.
METHODS
We studied 77 adult cancer and immunosuppressed patients with diarrhea and EPEC identified in stools by FilmArray, 25 patients with pathogen-negative diarrhea, and 21 healthy adults without diarrhea. Stools were studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for EPEC genes eaeA and lifA/efa-1 and strains characterized for virulence factors and adherence to human intestinal enteroids (HIEs).
RESULTS
Patients with EPEC were more likely to have community-acquired diarrhea (odds ratio, 3.82 [95% confidence interval, 1.5-10.0]; P = .008) compared with pathogen-negative cases. Although EPEC was identified in 3 of 21 (14%) healthy subjects by qPCR, the bacterial burden was low compared to patients with diarrhea (≤55 vs median, 6 × 104 bacteria/mg stool; P < .001). Among EPEC patients, the bacterial burden was higher in those who were immunosuppressed (median, 6.7 × 103 vs 55 bacteria/mg; P < .001) and those with fecal lifA/ifa-1 (median, 5 × 104 vs 120 bacteria/mg; P = .015). Response to antimicrobial therapy was seen in 44 of 48 (92%) patients with EPEC as the sole pathogen. Antimicrobial resistance was common and strains exhibited distinct patterns of adherence with variable cytotoxicity when studied in HIEs. Cancer care was delayed in 13% of patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Immunosuppressed cancer patients with EPEC-associated diarrhea carry high burden of EPEC with strains that are resistant to antibiotics, exhibit novel patterns of adherence when studied in HIEs, and interfere with cancer care.
Topics: Adult; Diarrhea; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Neoplasms
PubMed: 32930708
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1394 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) infection induced post-weaning diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newly weaned pigs and one of the significant... (Review)
Review
Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) infection induced post-weaning diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newly weaned pigs and one of the significant drivers for antimicrobial use in swine production. ETEC attachment to the small intestine initiates ETEC colonization and infection. The secretion of enterotoxins further disrupts intestinal barrier function and induces intestinal inflammation in weaned pigs. ETEC infection can also aggravate the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis due to weaning stress and increase the susceptibility of weaned pigs to other enteric infectious diseases, which may result in diarrhea or sudden death. Therefore, the amount of antimicrobial drugs for medical treatment purposes in major food-producing animal species is still significant. The alternative practices that may help reduce the reliance on such antimicrobial drugs and address animal health requirements are needed. Nutritional intervention in order to enhance intestinal health and the overall performance of weaned pigs is one of the most powerful practices in the antibiotic-free production system. This review summarizes the utilization of several categories of feed additives or supplements, such as direct-fed microbials, prebiotics, phytochemicals, lysozyme, and micro minerals in newly weaned pigs. The current understanding of these candidates on intestinal health and disease resistance of pigs under ETEC infection are particularly discussed, which may inspire more research on the development of alternative practices to support food-producing animals.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diarrhea; Disease Resistance; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Intestinal Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning
PubMed: 35990617
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885253 -
Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2011Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been responsible for multiple food- and waterborne outbreaks of diarrhea and/or hemorrhagic colitis (HC) worldwide. More importantly, a... (Review)
Review
Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been responsible for multiple food- and waterborne outbreaks of diarrhea and/or hemorrhagic colitis (HC) worldwide. More importantly, a portion of E. coli O157:H7-infected individuals, particularly young children, develop a life-threatening sequela of infection called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin (Stx), a potent cytotoxin, is the major virulence factor linked to the presentation of both HC and HUS. Currently, treatment of E. coli O157:H7 and other Stx-producing E. coli (STEC) infections is limited to supportive care. To facilitate development of therapeutic strategies and vaccines for humans against these agents, animal models that mimic one or more aspect of STEC infection and disease are needed. In this paper, we focus on the characteristics of various mouse models that have been developed and that can be used to monitor STEC colonization, disease, pathology, or combinations of these features as well as the impact of Stx alone.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli O157; Humans; Mice; Shiga Toxins
PubMed: 21274267
DOI: 10.1155/2011/258185 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... May 2016Antibiotic administration to individuals with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection remains controversial. We assessed if antibiotic administration to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Antibiotic administration to individuals with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection remains controversial. We assessed if antibiotic administration to individuals with STEC infection is associated with development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
METHODS
The analysis included studies published up to 29 April 2015, that provided data from patients (1) with STEC infection, (2) who received antibiotics, (3) who developed HUS, and (4) for whom data reported timing of antibiotic administration in relation to HUS. Risk of bias was assessed; strength of evidence was adjudicated. HUS was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes restricted the analysis to low-risk-of-bias studies employing commonly used HUS criteria. Pooled estimates of the odds ratio (OR) were obtained using random-effects models.
RESULTS
Seventeen reports and 1896 patients met eligibility; 8 (47%) studies were retrospective, 5 (29%) were prospective cohort, 3 (18%) were case-control, and 1 was a trial. The pooled OR, including all studies, associating antibiotic administration and development of HUS was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], .89-1.99; I(2) = 42%). The repeat analysis including only studies with a low risk of bias and those employing an appropriate definition of HUS yielded an OR of 2.24 (95% CI, 1.45-3.46; I(2) = 0%).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, use of antibiotics was not associated with an increased risk of developing HUS; however, after excluding studies at high risk of bias and those that did not employ an acceptable definition of HUS, there was a significant association. Consequently, the use of antibiotics in individuals with STEC infections is not recommended.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli
PubMed: 26917812
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw099 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... 2020Antimicrobial resistance to quinolone is rising worldwide, especially in causing various infections. Although many studies have been conducted to identify the risk... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial resistance to quinolone is rising worldwide, especially in causing various infections. Although many studies have been conducted to identify the risk factors for quinolone-resistant (QREC) infection, the results are inconsistent and have not been systematically reported. The aim of the present study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the potential risk factors for QREC infection.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed to collect published data in the EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library up to April 2019. Risk factors were analyzed using the pooled odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs).
RESULTS
Twenty-seven trials involving 67,019 participants were included in the present study. The following risk factors associated with QREC infection were identified: (1) male (OR = 1.41), (2) hepatic cirrhosis (OR = 2.05), (3) diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.62), (4) cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.76), (5) neurogenic bladder (OR = 8.66), (6) renal dysfunction (OR = 2.47), (7) transplantation (OR = 2.37), (8) urinary tract infection (OR = 2.79) and urinary tract abnormality (OR = 1.85), (9) dementia (OR = 5.83), (10) heart failure (OR = 5.63), (11) neurologic disease (OR = 2.80), (12) immunosuppressive drugs (OR = 2.02), (13) urinary catheter (OR = 4.39), (14) nursing home resident (OR = 4.63), (15) prior surgery (OR = 2.54), (16) quinolones (OR = 7.67), (17) other antibiotics (OR = 2.74), (18) hospitalization (OR = 2.06) and (19) nosocomial infection acquisition (OR = 2.35).
CONCLUSIONS
QREC infection was associated with nineteen risk factors including prior quinolones use, hospitalization, and several comorbidities. Reducing exposure to these risk factors and modification of antibiotic use are important to prevent quinolone resistance.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Odds Ratio; Quinolones; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 31938541
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0675-3 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022We studied the effect of early pathogenic infection on newborn calves' intestinal barrier and immune function. A total of 64 newborn Holstein male calves (40-43 kg)...
We studied the effect of early pathogenic infection on newborn calves' intestinal barrier and immune function. A total of 64 newborn Holstein male calves (40-43 kg) were divided into two groups: normal (NG) and test (TG), each with 32 heads. At the beginning of the experiment, the TG calves were orally administered pathogenic O1 (2.5 × 10 CFU/mL, 100 mL) to establish a calf diarrhea model. In contrast, the NG calves were given the same amount of normal saline. During the 30 d trial period, the feeding and management of the two groups remained constant. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantification PCR, and high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing technology were used to detect indicators related to the intestinal barrier and immune function in the calf serum and tissues. Pathogenic O1 had a significant effect on calf diarrhea in the TG; it increased the bovine diamine oxidase ( < 0.05) and endotoxin levels in the serum and decreased ( < 0.05) the intestinal trefoil factor ( < 0.05), , and levels in the colon tissue, as well as downregulated the mRNA expression of ,and in the colon mucosa, leading to increased intestinal permeability and impaired intestinal barrier function. Additionally, pathogenic had a significant impact on the diversity of colonic microbial flora, increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level and decreasing the levels of Firmicutes and Bacteroides. At the genus level, the relative abundance of and in the TG increased significantly ( < 0.05), whereas that of Bacteroides, , Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, , and was significantly decreased ( < 0.05). In addition, the level of IL-6 in the serum of the TG calves was significantly increased ( < 0.05), whereas the IL-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly decreased ( < 0.05), compared to those in the NG calves. Thus, pathogenic induced diarrhea early in life disrupts intestinal barrier and impairs immune function in calves.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunity; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35265533
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.818276 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Mar 2022Enteropathogenic (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries. However, sporadic outbreaks caused by this microorganism in developed countries... (Review)
Review
Enteropathogenic (EPEC) is a major cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries. However, sporadic outbreaks caused by this microorganism in developed countries are frequently reported recently. As an important zoonotic pathogen, EPEC is being monitored annually in several countries. Hallmark of EPEC infection is formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on the small intestine. To establish A/E lesions during a gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infeciton, EPEC must thrive in diverse GIT environments. A variety of stress responses by EPEC have been reported. These responses play significant roles in helping E. pass through GIT environments and establishing infection. Stringent response is one of those responses. It is mediated by guanosine tetraphosphate. Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that stringent response is a universal virulence regulatory mechanism present in many bacterial pathogens including EPEC. However, biological signficance of a bacterial stringent response in both EPEC and its interaction with the host during a GIT infection is unclear. It needs to be elucidated to broaden our insight to EPEC pathogenesis. In this review, diverse responses, including stringent response, of EPEC during a GIT infection are discussed to provide a new insight into EPEC pathophysiology in the GIT.
Topics: Animals; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Virulence
PubMed: 35187883
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21160