-
PloS One 2021We studied the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dairy calves as part of a routine health check protocol. In...
We studied the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dairy calves as part of a routine health check protocol. In addition, data regarding antimicrobial use (AMU), farm hygiene, and farm management were collected in order to identify possible risks for ESBL occurrence. Ten farms participated in the study with a median of 781 milking cows (319-1701). All calves investigated were younger than two weeks with an average age of 6.8 (±3.9) days. The farms were visited and samples were collected twice at an interval of 7-11 months. Faecal samples diluted 1:10, were plated onto BrillianceTM ESBL agar in duplicates. After 24 hours at 37°C, colonies were counted and total colony forming units (cfu)/ml calculated. Bacteria species were identified biochemically. ESBL-production was phenotypically confirmed using the MICRONAUT-S β-Lactamases system. Additionally, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using VITEK® 2 technology. Phylotyping of E. coli isolates and screening for bla genes was performed by PCR. ESBL-producing enterobacteria were detected on all farms and 96.5% of calves investigated shed ESBL-positive bacteria. Of all ESBL-producing isolates, the majority were E. coli (92.9%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (5.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (2.0%). The majority of E. coli isolates was clearly assigned to phylogroup C (25.0%), followed by phylogroups A (15.2%) and E (14.1%). CTX-M group 1 was most frequently detected (80.4%). E. cloacae contained blaCTX-M and blaTEM or blaSHV. K. pneumoniae harboured blaSHV only. Besides resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins, the majority of isolates was also resistant to one or more antibiotic classes, with a high proportion being resistant against fluoroqinolones. 52.5% of isolates were further characterised as threefold multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (3MDR-GNB) according to the German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention. None of the isolates were 4MDR-GNB, i.e. none revealed carbapenem-resistance. Penicillins were the most frequently administered antibiotics to calves on most farms and were the predominant substance class at herd level on all farms. Overall, the number of calves treated prior to sampling was rather low (11.7%). Analyses of data regarding the farm management identified weaknesses in biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection. Besides beta-lactam antibiotics being the most commonly used antibiotics no other risk factors could be identified. In summary, the prevalence of ESBL-carriers in dairy calves was exceptionally high and should be motivation to develop strategies for the reduction of multidrug-resistant bacteria in farm animals.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Female
PubMed: 33711073
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248291 -
International Journal of Infectious... Nov 2020Members of the bacterial genus Cedecea cause acute infections worldwide in compromised hosts with serious underlying medical conditions. While global reports of Cedecea... (Review)
Review
Members of the bacterial genus Cedecea cause acute infections worldwide in compromised hosts with serious underlying medical conditions. While global reports of Cedecea infections remain sporadic in the medical literature, cases of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates have been documented each year over the past decade, warranting a comprehensive update on this emerging opportunistic pathogen. Here, we review the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, natural distribution, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of Cedecea species. Acute infection commonly manifests as bacteremia and pneumonia; however, the spectrum of infectious pathologies associated with Cedecea has expanded to include oral and cutaneous ulcers, orbital cellulitis, and peritonitis. The frequency of resistance among reported clinical isolates was highest to ampicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefazolin, and ceftazidime. Cedecea isolates harboring metallo-β-lactamases exhibited resistance to carbapenems and fourth-generation cephalosporins. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenicity and multidrug resistance of Cedecea species. Appropriate therapeutic management of Cedecea infections depends on antibiotic susceptibility testing because of variable resistance patterns and the enhanced infection risk in vulnerable populations.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 32950733
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.036 -
Applied Microbiology Nov 1970A medium designed for detection of motility, indole, and ornithine decarboxylase production in one tube was devised and evaluated. Results, using 182 strains of...
A medium designed for detection of motility, indole, and ornithine decarboxylase production in one tube was devised and evaluated. Results, using 182 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, were the same as obtained with commonly used standard methods, although 11 of 87 positive indole tests were weak with the new medium.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Carboxy-Lyases; Culture Media; Enterobacteriaceae; Indoles; Ornithine
PubMed: 4922086
DOI: 10.1128/am.20.5.849-850.1970 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Aug 2017International data on the molecular epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae with VIM carbapenemases are limited.
BACKGROUND
International data on the molecular epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae with VIM carbapenemases are limited.
METHODS
We performed short read (Illumina) WGS on a global collection of 89 VIM-producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae (2008-14).
RESULTS
VIM-producing (11 varieties within 21 different integrons) isolates were mostly obtained from Europe. Certain integrons with bla VIM were specific to a country in different species and clonal complexes (CCs) (In 87 , In 624 , In 916 and In 1323 ), while others had spread globally among various Enterobacteriaceae species (In 110 and In 1209 ). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common species ( n = 45); CC147 from Greece was the most prevalent clone and contained In 590 -like integrons with four different bla VIM s. Enterobacter cloacae complex was the second most common species and mainly consisted of Enterobacter hormaechei ( Enterobacter xiangfangensis , subsp. steigerwaltii and Hoffmann cluster III). CC200 (from Croatia and Turkey), CC114 (Croatia, Greece, Italy and the USA) and CC78 (from Greece, Italy and Spain) containing bla VIM-1 were the most common clones among the E. cloacae complex.
CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the importance of surveillance programmes using the latest molecular techniques in providing insight into the characteristics and global distribution of Enterobacteriaceae with bla VIM s.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Epidemiological Monitoring; Global Health; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 28520983
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx148 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 2016Bacterial pathogens have coevolved with humans in order to efficiently infect, replicate within, and be transmitted to new hosts to ensure survival and a continual... (Review)
Review
Bacterial pathogens have coevolved with humans in order to efficiently infect, replicate within, and be transmitted to new hosts to ensure survival and a continual infection cycle. For enteric pathogens, the ability to adapt to numerous host factors under the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract is critical for establishing infection. One such host factor readily encountered by enteric bacteria is bile, an innately antimicrobial detergent-like compound essential for digestion and nutrient absorption. Not only have enteric pathogens evolved to resist the bactericidal conditions of bile, but these bacteria also utilize bile as a signal to enhance virulence regulation for efficient infection. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of bile-related research with enteric pathogens. From common responses to the unique expression of specific virulence factors, each pathogen has overcome significant challenges to establish infection in the gastrointestinal tract. Utilization of bile as a signal to modulate virulence factor expression has led to important insights for our understanding of virulence mechanisms for many pathogens. Further research on enteric pathogens exposed to this in vivo signal will benefit therapeutic and vaccine development and ultimately enhance our success at combating such elite pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Disease Models, Animal; Enterobacteriaceae; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbial Viability; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27464994
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00031-16 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are often associated with antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). They are responsible for intracellular transposition between different...
Intracellular Transposition and Capture of Mobile Genetic Elements following Intercellular Conjugation of Multidrug Resistance Conjugative Plasmids from Clinical Isolates.
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are often associated with antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). They are responsible for intracellular transposition between different replicons and intercellular conjugation and are therefore important agents of ARG dissemination. Detection and characterization of functional MGEs, especially in clinical isolates, would increase our understanding of the underlying pathways of transposition and recombination and allow us to determine interventional strategies to interrupt this process. Entrapment vectors can be used to capture active MGEs, as they contain a positive selection genetic system conferring a selectable phenotype upon the insertion of an MGE within certain regions of that system. Previously, we developed the pBACpAK entrapment vector that results in a tetracycline-resistant phenotype when MGEs translocate and disrupt the repressor gene. We have previously used pBACpAK to capture MGEs in clinical Escherichia coli isolates following transformation with pBACpAK. In this study, we aimed to extend the utilization of pBACpAK to other bacterial taxa. We utilized an MGE-free recipient E. coli strain containing pBACpAK to capture MGEs on conjugative, ARG-containing plasmids following conjugation from clinical donors. Following the conjugative transfer of multiple conjugative plasmids and screening for tetracycline resistance in these transconjugants, we captured several insertion sequence (IS) elements and novel transposons (Tn and Tn) and detected the formation of novel putative composite transposons where the pBACpAK-located (A) is flanked by IS from the transferred conjugative plasmid, as well as the IS-mediated integration of an entire 119-kb, -containing conjugative plasmid from Klebsiella pneumoniae. By analyzing transposition activity within our MGE-free recipient, we can gain insights into the interaction and evolution of multidrug resistance-conferring MGEs following conjugation, including the movement of multiple ISs, the formation of composite transposons, and cointegration and/or recombination between different replicons in the same cell. This combination of recipient and entrapment vector will allow fine-scale experimental studies of factors affecting intracellular transposition and MGE formation in and from ARG-encoding MGEs from multiple species of clinically relevant .
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Conjugation, Genetic; DNA Transposable Elements; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Plasmids
PubMed: 35044219
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02140-21 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... May 2020Epidemiological studies suggested that determinants for antibiotic resistance have originated in aquaculture. Recently, the integrated agriculture-aquaculture system has...
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological studies suggested that determinants for antibiotic resistance have originated in aquaculture. Recently, the integrated agriculture-aquaculture system has been implemented, where fish are raised in ponds that receive agriculture drainage water. The present study aims to investigate the occurrence of β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the integrated agriculture-aquaculture and the consequent public health implication.
METHODS
Samples were collected from fish, fishpond water inlets, tap water, outlet water, and workers at sites of integrated agriculture-aquacultures. Samples were also taken from inhabitants of the aquaculture surrounding areas. All samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were tested for susceptibility to cephalosporins and carbapenems, and screened for bla, bla, bla, bla, bla, bla, bla, and bla. Strains having similar resistance phenotype and genotype were examined for the presence of Incompatible (Inc) plasmids.
RESULTS
A major proportion of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems. Among the 66 isolates from fish, 34 were resistant to both cephalosporin and carbapenem groups, 26 to carbapenems alone, and 4 to cephalosporins alone. Of the 15 isolates from fishpond water inlets, 8 showed resistance to both groups, 1 to carbapenems alone, and 5 to cephalosporins alone. Out of the 33 isolates from tap water, 17 were resistant to both groups, and 16 to cephalosporins alone. Similarly, of the 16 outlet water isolates, 10 were resistant to both groups, and 6 to cephalosporins alone. Furthermore, of the 30 examined workers, 15 carried Enterobacteriaceae resistant strains, 10 to both groups, and 5 to cephalosporins alone. Similar strains were isolated from the inhabitants of the aquaculture surrounding areas. Irrespective of source of samples, strains resistant to all examined antibiotics, carried predominantly the carbapenemase gene bla either alone or with the β-lactamase genes (bla, bla, bla, and bla). The isolates from fish, water, and workers harboured a wide-range of multi-drug-resistance Inc. plasmids, which were similar among all isolates.
CONCLUSION
The present findings suggest transmission of the resistance genes among Enterobacteriaceae strains from different sources. This reiterates the need for control strategies that focus on humans, animals, water, and sewage systems to solve the antibiotic resistance problem.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Egypt; Enterobacteriaceae; Fisheries; Hand; Humans; Plasmids; Tilapia; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 32430083
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00736-3 -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology Mar 2008CTX-M- and AmpC-type beta-lactamases comprise the two most rapidly growing populations among the extended-spectrum cephalosporinases. The evolution and dissemination of... (Review)
Review
CTX-M- and AmpC-type beta-lactamases comprise the two most rapidly growing populations among the extended-spectrum cephalosporinases. The evolution and dissemination of resistance genes encoding these enzymes occur mostly through the transmission of plasmids. The high prevalence of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae producing the plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum cephalosporinases resembles an epidemic of plasmids, and has generated serious therapeutic problems. This review describes the emergence and worldwide spread of various classes of plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum cephalosporinases in Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae, the transfer mechanism of the plasmids, detection methods, and therapeutic choices.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cephalosporinase; Enterobacteriaceae; Plasmids; beta-Lactam Resistance
PubMed: 18093140
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00360.x -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 1985In 1972 there were only 11 genera and 26 species in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Today there are 22 genera, 69 species, and 29 biogroups or Enteric Groups. This paper... (Review)
Review
In 1972 there were only 11 genera and 26 species in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Today there are 22 genera, 69 species, and 29 biogroups or Enteric Groups. This paper is a review of all of the new organisms. It has a series of differential charts to assist in identification and a large chart with the reactions of 98 different organisms for 47 tests often used in identification. A simplified version of this chart gives the most common species and tests most often used for identification. The sources of the new organisms are listed, and their role in human disease is discussed. Fourteen new groups of Enterobacteriaceae are described for the first time. These new groups are biochemically distinct from previously described species, biogroups, and Enteric Groups of Enterobacteriaceae. The new groups are Citrobacter amalonaticus biogroup 1, Klebsiella group 47 (indole positive, ornithine positive), Serratia marcescens biogroup 1, and unclassified Enteric Groups 17, 45, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, and 69.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Citrobacter; DNA, Bacterial; Enterobacter; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia; Fermentation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Klebsiella; Middle Aged; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Proteus; Salmonella; Serratia; Terminology as Topic; Yersinia
PubMed: 3881471
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.21.1.46-76.1985 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2019Ewingella americana (Ea) is a Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive bacterium that was first described in 1983 as a new genus and...
BACKGROUND
Ewingella americana (Ea) is a Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive bacterium that was first described in 1983 as a new genus and species in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is not known whether Ea is a true pathogen or simply an opportunistic infectious agent, as most of the cases have been described in patients at risk.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 4-year-old girl described here was hospitalized due to a productive cough over the previous 3 weeks and a fever > 38 °C associated with tachypnea over the previous 2 days. Her familial and personal medical histories were negative for relevant diseases, including respiratory infections. At admission, she was febrile (axillary temperature 39.2 °C) and had dyspnea with retractions, grunting and nasal flaring. A chest examination revealed fine crackling rales in the left upper field associated with bilateral wheezing. A chest X-ray revealed segmental consolidation of the lingula of the left lung. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis (15.,800 white blood cells/mm with 50.3% neutrophils), a slight increase in serum C-reactive protein (11.9 mg/L) and normal procalcitonin values (< 0.12 ng/mL). A nasopharyngeal swab culture did not reveal viral or bacterial respiratory pathogens, including atypical bacteria. A blood culture revealed the presence of a Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rod that was oxidase negative and catalase positive. The isolate was identified by means of the VITEK®2 identification system (bioMérieux, Firenze, Italy) as Ea. This identification was confirmed by sequencing the 16 s ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). The pathogen was sensitive to aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime but was intermediate against sulfametoxazole/trimethoprim and resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, fosfomycin, and oxacillin. The child was immediately treated orally with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and erythromycin. Based on the results of a blood culture and sensitivity tests, the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid medication was stopped after 3 days. Erythromycin was continued for a total of 10 days, and the child was discharged after 3 days in the hospital. Follow-up visit 1 month later did not reveal any respiratory problems.
CONCLUSION
This case shows that Ea infections in healthy subjects are mild even in pediatric age, and the need for antibiotic therapy is debated. Cases occurring in subjects with underlying chronic disease can be significantly more complicated and require appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Aminoglycosides; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Child, Preschool; Enterobacteriaceae; Erythromycin; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Italy; Pneumonia; Thorax
PubMed: 31060497
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4021-4