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Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2005Phaeohyphomycosis is a mycotic disease caused by dematiaceous fungi that produce brown yeast-like cells, pseudohyphae, and irregular true hyphae in tissues. Seven Korean... (Review)
Review
Phaeohyphomycosis is a mycotic disease caused by dematiaceous fungi that produce brown yeast-like cells, pseudohyphae, and irregular true hyphae in tissues. Seven Korean cases of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis have been reported to date, four males and three females, ranging in age from 9-84 years (mean 50.4 years). Causative organisms of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis were 3 of Exophiala jeanselmei, 2 of E. dermatitidis, 1 of Drechslera dematioidea and 1 of Phoma sp. Four cases of abscess and 3 cases of verrucous plaque were present as skin lesions, and were all exposed areas of the body. Patients were treated with itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole or amphotericin B.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Child; Dermatomycoses; Exophiala; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Hyphae; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Subcutaneous Tissue
PubMed: 15864249
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.46.67 -
Virulence Dec 2019The black yeast is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous... (Review)
Review
The black yeast is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous system in otherwise healthy Asian patients. In addition, it is also regularly isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis patients, with rates varying between 1% and 19%.Melanin, as part of the cell wall of black yeasts, is one major factor known contributing to the pathogenicity of and increased resistance against host defense and anti-infective therapeutics. Further virulence factors, e.g. the capability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm were reported. A better understanding of the pathogenicity of is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, the current knowledge of prevalence, clinical importance, diagnosis, microbiological characteristics, virulence attributes, susceptibility, and resistances as well as therapeutically strategies are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cystic Fibrosis; Exophiala; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Melanins; Mice; Opportunistic Infections; Phaeohyphomycosis; Prevalence; Virulence
PubMed: 30887863
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1596504 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2013We characterized 12 Exophiala strains isolated from patients over a 15-year period to the species level using phenotypic tests and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and...
We characterized 12 Exophiala strains isolated from patients over a 15-year period to the species level using phenotypic tests and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and Rpb1 sequencing and described the clinical spectrum of the 12 patients. Eight patients had nail or skin infections, two had invasive infections, and two had colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. ITS and Rpb1 sequencing showed that 11 of the 12 strains were known Exophiala species (E. oligosperma [n = 3], E. jeanselmei [n = 2], E. lecanii-corni [n = 2], E. bergeri [n = 1], E. cancerae [n = 1], E. dermatitidis [n = 1], and E. xenobiotica [n = 1]), which included the first reported cases of onychomycosis caused by E. bergeri and E. oligosperma. The 12th strain (HKU32(T)), isolated from the nail clipping of the right big toe of a 68-year-old female patient with onychomycosis, possessed unique morphological characteristics distinct from other Exophiala species. It grew very slowly and had a velvety colony texture after 28 days, short conidiophores of the same olivaceous color as the supporting hyphae, numerous spores, and no chlamydospore-like cells. ITS, Rpb1, β-tubulin, and β-actin gene sequencing unambiguously showed that HKU32(T) was clustered with but formed branches distinct from other Exophiala species in phylogenetic trees. We propose the new species Exophiala hongkongensis to describe this novel fungus.
Topics: Actins; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Exophiala; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycological Typing Techniques; Phaeohyphomycosis; Phylogeny; RNA Polymerase II; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tubulin; Young Adult
PubMed: 23152554
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02336-12 -
Mycopathologia Jun 2018We report a case of a 59-year-old male patient with a postoperative fungal infection of the left eye. A dark-pigmented yeast, Exophiala dermatitidis (previously known as... (Review)
Review
We report a case of a 59-year-old male patient with a postoperative fungal infection of the left eye. A dark-pigmented yeast, Exophiala dermatitidis (previously known as Wangiella dermatitidis), was identified from the culture of the biopsy taken from the posterior capsule. The infection was successfully eradicated by a combination of surgical and medical (i.e., voriconazole and fluconazole) treatment. This is the first report of successfully treated E. dermatitidis endophthalmitis, which demonstrates that a prompt and aggressive antifungal therapy combined with surgical intervention is necessary to prevent vision loss in cases of endophthalmitis due to Exophiala species. Beside the case description, we also aim to provide a literature review of previously reported eye infections caused by Exophiala species in order to help the future diagnosis and management of the disease.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Biopsy; Debridement; Endophthalmitis; Exophiala; Humans; Male; Microbiological Techniques; Middle Aged; Phaeohyphomycosis; Pigments, Biological; Surgical Wound Infection; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29374798
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0235-4 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021spp. are important opportunist pathogens causing subcutaneous or even fatal disseminated infections in otherwise both immunosuppressed and healthy individuals but there... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
spp. are important opportunist pathogens causing subcutaneous or even fatal disseminated infections in otherwise both immunosuppressed and healthy individuals but there are no systematic studies on the isolates of species from India.
METHODS
Twenty-four isolates of species were retrieved from the National Culture Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (NCCPF) and identified phenotypically and by molecular methods (ITS region sequencing) followed by antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) as per CLSI-M38A3 guidelines. A review of the literature of cases from India was performed up to 1 January 2021 using the Medline and Cochrane database.
RESULTS
(n = 8), (n = 6), (n = 6), (n = 1), (n = 1), (n = 1) were identified and the sequencing of and revealed a novel species, sp. nov. (n = 1). The ITS sequence phylogram of revealed that the majority (83%) formed a separate cluster close to type A while majority (75%) of were type B. The MIC50 (mg/L) of amphotericin, itraconazole, voriconazole, micafungin, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and posaconazole, was 1, 0.25, 0.125, 0.12, 0.125, 0.062, and 0.062, respectively. Sixteen more cases were identified on the literature review and a significant association of with history of surgical procedures (p = 0.013), invasive disease (p = 0.032) and of with tuberculosis (p = 0.026) was seen.
CONCLUSION
This, to the best of our knowledge is the first study from India elucidating the molecular and clinical characteristics of species and the first Indian report of human infection due to and
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Exophiala; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 34277470
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686120 -
MycoKeys 2022During a survey of soil fungi collected from Yunnan Province, China, two new species of , and , were isolated from the soil of karst rocky desertification (KRD). The...
During a survey of soil fungi collected from Yunnan Province, China, two new species of , and , were isolated from the soil of karst rocky desertification (KRD). The DNA sequences of these respective strains, including internal transcribed spacers (ITS), large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA), partial small subunit (SSU) and β-tubulin () were sequenced and compared with those from species closely-related to . differs from the phylogenetically closely related and by its smaller aseptate conidia. is phylogenetically related to , and , but can be distinguished from them by its larger conidia. Full descriptions, illustrations and phylogenetic positions of and were provided.
PubMed: 36760541
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.94.96782 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2023The mycobiome is an essential constituent of the human microbiome and is associated with various diseases. However, the role of oral and gut fungi in hypertension (HTN)...
The mycobiome is an essential constituent of the human microbiome and is associated with various diseases. However, the role of oral and gut fungi in hypertension (HTN) remains largely unexplored. In this study, saliva, subgingival plaques, and feces were collected from 36 participants with HTN and 24 healthy controls for metagenomic sequencing. The obtained sequences were analyzed using the Kraken2 taxonomic annotation pipeline to assess fungal composition and diversity. Correlations between oral and gut fungi and clinic parameters, between fungi within the same sample types, and between different sample types were identified by Spearman's correlation analysis. Overall, the subgingival fungal microbiome had substantially higher alpha diversity than the salivary and fecal fungal microbiomes. The fungal microbiomes of the three sample types displayed distinct beta diversity from each other. Oral fungi but not gut fungi in HTN had beta diversity significantly different from that of controls. Among the fungi shared in the oral cavity and gut, was the genus with the most notable changes. Exophiala spinifera was the most abundant salivary species in HTN. Some fungal species directly correlated with blood pressure, including gut Exophiala xenobiotica and Exophiala mesophila. The markedly impaired ecological cocorrelation networks of oral and gut fungi in HTN suggested compromised association among fungal species. Most fungi were shared in the oral cavity and gut, and their correlations suggested the potential interplays between oral and gut fungi. In conclusion, the oral cavity and intestine have unique fungal ecological environments. The fungal enrichment and ecology in HTN, the correlations between oral and gut fungi, and the associations between oral and gut fungi and clinical parameters suggest an important role that the fungal microbiome may play in HTN. Our study fills the gap in human studies investigating the oral and gut fungal microbiota in association with blood pressure. It characterizes the diversity and composition of the oral and gut fungal microbiome in human subjects, elucidates the dysbiosis of fungal ecology in a hypertensive population, and establishes oral-gut fungal correlations and fungus-clinical parameter correlations. Targeting fungi in the oral cavity and/or gut may provide novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Microbiota; Hypertension; Mouth; Feces; Fungi
PubMed: 36475759
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01956-22 -
Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) Apr 2023To report cases of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Phaeohyphomycetes are a widely distributed group of fungi whose cell walls...
OBJECTIVES
To report cases of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Phaeohyphomycetes are a widely distributed group of fungi whose cell walls contain 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin. Cerebral infections caused by these fungi are uncommon and primarily associated with neurotrophic phaeohyphomycetes.
METHODS
In January of 2020 we looked back to identify cases of culture-positive cerebral phaeohyphomycosis from our medical records at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data on demographics, potential risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed.
RESULTS
Twelve cases of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis were identified, of which 4 were caused by Rhinocladiella mackenziei and the other 8 were caused by various phaeohyphomycetes. There were 2 cases caused by , and one case each caused by the following: , , , , , and . Most patients (10 of 12) had underlying immunosuppression. caused a brain-only infection manifesting as abscess formation. Four patients survived for more than a year after therapy. Surgical evacuation and triazole therapy with posaconazole or itraconazole, alone or in combination with other antifungal agents, were associated with success.
CONCLUSION
Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is an uncommon fungal infection that primarily affects immunocompromised patients and is associated with poor prognosis. is the most prevalent fungus in our facility and has been linked to a universal mortality.
Topics: Humans; Saudi Arabia; Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis; Tertiary Care Centers; Tertiary Healthcare; Mycoses; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37045456
DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2023.2.20220118 -
Computational and Structural... 2021Melanized fungi have been isolated from some of the harshest radioactive environments, and their ability to thrive in these locations is in part due to the pigment...
Melanized fungi have been isolated from some of the harshest radioactive environments, and their ability to thrive in these locations is in part due to the pigment melanin. Melanin imparts a selective advantage to fungi by providing a physical shield, a chemical shield, and possibly a signaling mechanism. In previous work we demonstrated that protracted exposure of the melanized yeast to mixed alpha-, beta-, and gamma-emitting radiation resulted in an adapted strain able to mount a unique response to ionizing radiation in the environment in a melanin-dependent fashion. By exploring the genome and transcriptome of this adapted melanized strain relative to a non-irradiated control we determined the altered response was transcriptomic in nature, as whole genome sequencing revealed limited variation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that of the adapted isolates analyzed, two lineages existed: one like the naïve, non-adapted strain, and one with a unique transcriptomic signature that exhibited downregulation of metabolic processes, and upregulation of translation-associated genes. Analysis of differential gene expression in the adapted strain showed an overlap in response between the control conditions and reactive oxygen species conditions, whereas exposure to an alpha particle source resulted in a robust downregulation of metabolic processes and upregulation of DNA replication and repair genes, and RNA metabolic processes. This suggest previous exposure to radiation primes the fungus to respond to subsequent exposures in a unique way. By exploring this unique response, we have expanded our knowledge of how melanized fungi interact with and respond to ionizing radiation in their environment.
PubMed: 33425251
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.013 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2020
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Cysts; Drainage; Exophiala; Female; Humans; Neck; Phaeohyphomycosis
PubMed: 32719195
DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_141_18