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Frontiers in Psychology 2018The mind/brain identity theory is often thought to be of historical interest only, as it has allegedly been swept away by functionalism. After clarifying why and how the...
The mind/brain identity theory is often thought to be of historical interest only, as it has allegedly been swept away by functionalism. After clarifying why and how the notion of identity implies that there is no genuine problem of explaining how the mental derives from something else, we point out that the identity theory is not necessarily a mind/brain identity theory. In fact, we propose an updated form of identity theory, or embodied identity theory, in which the identities concern not experiences and brain phenomena, but experiences and organism-environment interactions. Such an embodied identity theory retains the main ontological insight of its parent theory, and by invoking organism-environment interactions, it has powerful resources to motivate why the relevant identities hold, without posing further unsolvable problems. We argue that the classical multiple realization argument against identity theory is built on not recognizing that the main claim of the identity theory concerns the relation between experience and descriptions of experience, instead of being about relations between different descriptions of experience and we show how an embodied identity theory provides an appropriate platform for making this argument. We emphasize that the embodied identity theory we propose is not ontologically reductive, and does not disregard experience.
PubMed: 30405507
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02044 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021The present work aims to boost tourism development in China, grasp the psychology of tourists at any time, and provide personalized tourist services. The research object...
The present work aims to boost tourism development in China, grasp the psychology of tourists at any time, and provide personalized tourist services. The research object is the tourism industry in Macau. In particular, tourists' experiences are comprehensively analyzed in terms of dining, living, traveling, sightseeing, shopping, and entertaining as per their psychological changes using approaches including big data analysis, literature analysis, and field investigation. In this case, a model of tourism experience formation path is summarized, and a smart travel solution is proposed based on psychological experience. In the end, specific and feasible suggestions are put forward for the Macau tourism industry. Results demonstrate that the psychology-based smart travel solution exerts a significant impact on tourists' tourism experience. Specifically, the weight of secular tourism experience is 0.523, the weight of aesthetic tourism experience is 0.356, and the weight of stimulating tourism experience is 0.121. Tourists prefer travel destinations with excellent urban security and scenic authenticity. They give the two indexes comprehensive scores of 75.14 points and 73.12 points, respectively. The proposed smart travel solution can grasp the psychology of tourists and enhance their tourism experiences. It has strong practical and guiding significances, which can promote constructing smart travel services in Macau and enhancing tourism experiences.
PubMed: 34367015
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691183 -
Journal of Patient Experience Sep 2017To determine the correlation between individual patient experience dimensions and overall patient satisfaction using text-based analysis of subjective comments of...
OBJECTIVE
To determine the correlation between individual patient experience dimensions and overall patient satisfaction using text-based analysis of subjective comments of patients treated in emergency departments.
METHODS
Open-ended comments from 331 patients who visited the emergency departments of 4 hospitals were used for coding different dimensions of patient experience. Regression coefficients were calculated to assess the relationships between dimensions of patient experiences with overall satisfaction.
RESULTS
Positive and negative experience of nursing, communications, and infrastructure influence the overall satisfaction. Positive experience attributes of overall care quality influence overall satisfaction, whereas negative experience of the same does not have any influence. Further, experiences of interactions with doctors and scheduling do not have any effect on overall satisfaction in emergency departments.
CONCLUSIONS
Emergency departments may get higher overall patient evaluations by focusing on positive aspects of care, nursing, communication, and infrastructure attributes. Doctors and scheduling (emergency) may be considered as expected quality attributes and so not surprising that they did not play a role in overall satisfaction.
PubMed: 28959713
DOI: 10.1177/2374373517692914 -
BMC Medical Education May 2021The COVID-19 pandemic has required governments around the world to suspend face-to-face learning for school and university students. Colleges of pharmacy are faced with...
BACKGROUND
The COVID-19 pandemic has required governments around the world to suspend face-to-face learning for school and university students. Colleges of pharmacy are faced with the challenge of training students in hospitals that are under considerable pressure at this time. The government of Saudi Arabia has moved all classes and training online to limit the spread of the virus. This study describes the experience of the Introductory and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE and APPE) students and preceptors engaged in the virtual IPPE training.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted to describe and appraise the implemented virtual IPPE training from the experiences of IPPE and APPE students, and their preceptor. The IPPE students described their experiences in close-ended questionnaires, while APPE students in open-ended questionnaires, and the preceptor described the experiences in narrative. The study focused on highlighting the advantages, opportunities, challenges, and shortcomings of the virtual training.
RESULTS
Two preceptors and seven APPE students participated in the preparation and administration of the virtual training. The IPPE students' experiences, based on 87 respondents, were mostly positive. Although IPPE students enjoyed the time flexibility that allowed the learning of new skills and reflection on previous experiences, 15% experienced difficulty finding quiet places with a reliable internet connection or had difficulty working on team-based activities. Moreover, some were anxious about the lack of adequate patient-care experience. On the other hand, the APPE students found the experience enriching as they gained experience and understanding of academic workflow, gained skills, and overcame the challenges they faced during this virtual training experience.
CONCLUSIONS
Future training programs should be organized to overcome the challenges and to maximize the benefits of training experiences. Schools of pharmacy may benefit from the training materials constructed, prepared, and administered by APPE students to improve IPPE students' learning experiences and outcomes.
Topics: COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Curriculum; Education, Pharmacy; Humans; Pandemics; Pharmacy; SARS-CoV-2; Saudi Arabia; Students, Pharmacy
PubMed: 33947366
DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02698-5 -
European Journal of Midwifery 2022This study aimed to explore both mothers' and fathers' lived experiences of the birth environment. Objectives were set to explore how the physical, psychosocial,...
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to explore both mothers' and fathers' lived experiences of the birth environment. Objectives were set to explore how the physical, psychosocial, spiritual and cultural environment during labor, influence the parents' birth experience, and to delve into the similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' views and experiences of the birth environment.
METHODS
The study adopted an interpretive phenomenological research design. A purposive homogenous sample of seven couples was recruited from the main local public hospital in Malta. Data were collected using one-time, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with each couple. The birth territory theory by Fahy guided this study and interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to analyze, interpret and elicit the meanings that participants attributed to their experiences of the birth environment.
RESULTS
Three super-ordinate themes emerged from the data: 'The home-hospital gap', 'Midwifery care' and 'Movement in labor'. A conflict between the comfort of home and home-like aesthetics, and the reassuring, but foreign, clinical environment and medical equipment, was felt by mothers and fathers. The midwife was a fundamental part of the birth environment for the parents, taking precedence over the physical environment. Movement in labor was important to mothers while fathers became more involved when mothers were mobile during labor. The birth environment consisted of facilitating and impeding factors to movement, which made an impact on the parents' experiences.
CONCLUSIONS
Mothers and fathers experienced the birth environment from different perspectives. However, they have indicated similar needs and desires from the birth environment, creating a shared experience.
PubMed: 36382329
DOI: 10.18332/ejm/153946 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2018Near-death experiences (NDEs) are complex subjective experiences, which have been previously associated with the psychedelic experience and more specifically with the...
Near-death experiences (NDEs) are complex subjective experiences, which have been previously associated with the psychedelic experience and more specifically with the experience induced by the potent serotonergic, ,-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Potential similarities between both subjective states have been noted previously, including the subjective feeling of transcending one's body and entering an alternative realm, perceiving and communicating with sentient 'entities' and themes related to death and dying. In this within-subjects placebo-controled study we aimed to test the similarities between the DMT state and NDEs, by administering DMT and placebo to 13 healthy participants, who then completed a validated and widely used measure of NDEs. Results revealed significant increases in phenomenological features associated with the NDE, following DMT administration compared to placebo. Also, we found significant relationships between the NDE scores and DMT-induced ego-dissolution and mystical-type experiences, as well as a significant association between NDE scores and baseline trait 'absorption' and delusional ideation measured at baseline. Furthermore, we found a significant overlap in nearly all of the NDE phenomenological features when comparing DMT-induced NDEs with a matched group of 'actual' NDE experiencers. These results reveal a striking similarity between these states that warrants further investigation.
PubMed: 30174629
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01424 -
Cancer NursingBrain tumors account for the majority of central nervous system tumors, and most are removed by craniotomies. Many postcraniotomy patients experience moderate or severe...
BACKGROUND
Brain tumors account for the majority of central nervous system tumors, and most are removed by craniotomies. Many postcraniotomy patients experience moderate or severe pain after surgery, but patient perspectives on their experiences with pain management in the hospital have not been well described.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe how patients who have undergone a craniotomy for brain tumor removal experience pain management while hospitalized.
METHODS
Qualitative descriptive methods using semistructured interviews were conducted with patients on a neurological step-down unit in an urban teaching hospital in the Midwest United States. Interviews focused on how patients experienced postcraniotomy pain and how it was managed. Narratives were analyzed with standard content analytic procedures.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven participants (median age, 58.5 years; interquartile range, 26-41 years; range, 21-83 years) were interviewed. The majority were white (n = 25) and female (n = 15) and had an anterior craniotomy (n = 25) with sedation (n = 17). Their pain experiences varied on 2 dimensions: salience of pain during recovery and complexity of pain management. Based on these dimensions, 3 distinct types of pain management experiences were identified: (1) pain-as-nonsalient, routine pain management experience; (2) pain-as-salient, routine pain management experience; and (3) pain-as-salient, complex pain management experience.
CONCLUSIONS
Many postcraniotomy patients experience their pain as tolerable and/or pain management as satisfying and effective; others experience pain and pain management as challenging.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Clinicians should be attuned to needs of patients with complex pain management experiences and should incorporate good patient/clinician communication.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain Neoplasms; Craniotomy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Management; Pain, Postoperative; Patient Care Team; Qualitative Research
PubMed: 32657900
DOI: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000000851 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022Afghanistan's domestic upheaval following the Taliban's invasion leads to massive displacement of its population. The number of Afghan refugees in Iran has dramatically...
INTRODUCTION
Afghanistan's domestic upheaval following the Taliban's invasion leads to massive displacement of its population. The number of Afghan refugees in Iran has dramatically increased since the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in August 2021. Multiple pre-and post-migratory traumatic experiences affect immigrants' physical, psychological, social, and economic wellbeing. The coronavirus outbreak, considered a traumatic experience in human life in the 21st century, added to their problems in Iran and exposed them to new challenges. This qualitative study aimed to investigate their experiences early before, during, and after immigration and the pandemic's challenges to their lives in Iran.
METHODS
In the present qualitative study, ten Afghan residents living in Iran who immigrated to Iran legally or illegally since the summer of 2021 and the last year after the second Taliban invasion were selected via purposive sampling. A semi-structured interview was applied to gather the data, and the data were analyzed through Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method.
RESULTS
Ten male participants with a mean age of 26 y/o were interviewed. Their residence in Iran was between 20 days and 8 months. Four main themes were extracted. The first theme, the , represents a disruption of the normal flow of life. Six subthemes, including loss, being near death, insecurity, sudden hopelessness, leaving the country involuntarily, and reluctance to explore underlying emotions, are included in this category. The second one, , describes the participant's attempt to leave Afghanistan following the extensive losses and violent death threats. Their experiences are categorized into four subthemes: the miserable trip, encountering death, life-threatening experiences, and being physically and verbally abused. The third theme, with its five subthemes, try to demonstrate the participants' experiences after getting to their destination in Iran. The last one, explained the experience of Taliban return, war trauma, running away, and living as a refugee or immigrant coincided with the COVID pandemic.
DISCUSSION
Our interviewees explained multiple and successive traumatic experiences of war, migration, and the pandemic. The central clinical features of survivors are fears of losing control, being overwhelmed, and inability to cope. They felt abandoned because not only lost their family support in their homeland but could not also receive support in Iran due to the pandemic-related social distancing and isolation. They were dissociated and emotionally numb when describing their experience, which is a hallmark of experiencing severe, unprocessed traumas.
CONCLUSION
Gaining a better understanding of Afghan refugees lived experiences may help provide them with better social and health care support. Proper mental and physical healthcare support and de-stigmatization programs may reduce the impact of multiple traumas on their wellbeing.
PubMed: 35966484
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908321 -
The Journals of Gerontology. Series B,... Apr 2023Life experiences that are complex, sustained, and intense, such as active participation in music and speaking multiple languages, have been suggested to contribute to...
OBJECTIVES
Life experiences that are complex, sustained, and intense, such as active participation in music and speaking multiple languages, have been suggested to contribute to maintaining or improving cognitive performance and mental health. The current study focuses on whether lifetime musical and multilingual experiences differentially relate to cognition and well-being in older adults, and tests whether there is a cumulative effect of both experiences.
METHODS
A total of 11,335 older adults from the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study completed a musical and multilingual background and experience questionnaire. Latent class analysis was used to categorize individuals into subgroups according to their various musical and multilingual experiences resulting in a (1) nonmusical, low-multilingual group; (2) nonmusical, high-multilingual group; (3) musical, low-multilingual group; and (4) musical high-multilingual group. To determine whether the groups differed in terms of cognition or emotional affect, differences in Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scores were investigated by means of multinomial logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Having high-multilingual, and not musical, experience was related to better RFFT performance compared to no experience, but not to more positive affect. Having both musical and high-multilingual experiences is related to better RFFT performance and more positive affect in advanced age compared to having only one experience or none. Importantly, these results were found independently of age, level of education, and socioeconomic status.
DISCUSSION
Musical and multilingual experiences are related to healthy aging, especially when combined, which supports the suggestion that a broader spectrum of lifetime experiences relates to cognitive reserve.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Healthy Aging; Cohort Studies; Neuropsychological Tests; Cognition; Multilingualism
PubMed: 36454717
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac185 -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Jun 2022Adverse childhood experiences and overdose are linked in a cycle that affects individuals and communities across generations. The Centers for Disease Control and...
INTRODUCTION
Adverse childhood experiences and overdose are linked in a cycle that affects individuals and communities across generations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Overdose Data to Action cooperative agreement supports a comprehensive public health approach to overdose prevention and response activities across the U.S. Exposure to traumatic events during childhood can increase the risk for myriad health outcomes, including overdose; therefore, many Overdose Data to Action recipients leveraged funds to address adverse childhood experiences.
METHODS
In 2021, an inventory of Overdose Data to Action‒funded activities implemented in 2019 and 2020 showed that 34 of the 66 recipients proposed overdose prevention activities that support people who have experienced adverse childhood experiences or that focus on preventing the intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences. Activities were coded by adverse childhood experience prevention strategy, level of the social ecology, and whether they focused on neonatal abstinence syndrome.
RESULTS
Most activities among Overdose Data to Action recipients occurred at the community level of the social‒ecologic model and under the intervene to lessen harms adverse childhood experience prevention strategy. Of the 84 adverse childhood experience‒related activities taking place across 34 jurisdictions, 44 are focused on neonatal abstinence syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS
Study results highlight the opportunities to expand the breadth of adverse childhood experience prevention strategies across the social ecology. Implementing cross-cutting overdose and adverse childhood experience‒related activities that span the social‒ecologic model are critical for population-level change and have the potential for the broadest impact. Focusing on neonatal abstinence syndrome also offers a unique intervention opportunity for both adverse childhood experience and overdose prevention.
Topics: Adverse Childhood Experiences; Drug Overdose; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome; Public Health
PubMed: 35597582
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.015