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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Dec 2019Tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea comprise a large and varied spectrum of conditions. These tumors are grouped into two major categories of congenital and acquired... (Review)
Review
Tumors of the conjunctiva and cornea comprise a large and varied spectrum of conditions. These tumors are grouped into two major categories of congenital and acquired lesions. The acquired lesions are further subdivided based on origin of the mass into surface epithelial, melanocytic, vascular, fibrous, neural, histiocytic, myxoid, myogenic, lipomatous, lymphoid, leukemic, metastatic and secondary tumors. Melanocytic lesions include nevus, racial melanosis, primary acquired melanosis, melanoma, and other ocular surface conditions like ocular melanocytosis and secondary pigmentary deposition. The most frequent nonmelanocytic neoplastic lesions include squamous cell carcinoma and lymphoma, both of which have typical features appreciated on clinical examination. The caruncle displays a slightly different array of tumors compared to those elsewhere on the conjunctiva, as nevus and papilloma are most common, but oncocytoma and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma can be found. In this report, we provide clinical description and illustration of the many conjunctival and corneal tumors and we discuss tumor management.
Topics: Conjunctival Neoplasms; Corneal Diseases; Eye Neoplasms; Humans
PubMed: 31755426
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2040_19 -
Eye (London, England) Jun 2021Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common ocular tumour with an incidence ranging from 0.03 to 1.9 per 100,000 persons/year. The diagnosis is made on... (Review)
Review
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common ocular tumour with an incidence ranging from 0.03 to 1.9 per 100,000 persons/year. The diagnosis is made on clinical suspicion and confirmed with anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), cytology, or histology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the management options available for OSSN and review their success and recurrence rates. Surgery is the gold standard for the management of small OSSN lesions. With the increased use of less invasive diagnostic modalities such as AS-OCT and cytology, there has been a move to use topical therapies for the management of OSSN. The most commonly used agents are interferon-α2b (IFN), mitomycin-C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). They have been shown to have similar resolution and recurrence rates but differ in cost and side effect profile. IFN has the lowest side effect profile, but is also the most expensive, whereas MMC has the greatest surface toxicity and is priced midway between the three. 5FU is the cheapest of the three topical agents with less surface toxicity than MMC. Radiotherapy is mostly employed as adjuvant therapy. Newer novel therapies are available but have not been widely adopted as mainstream therapy due to cost and lack of clinical evidence. OSSN has the benefit of many management options. No single modality has been shown to superior and some patients will need the use of combination therapy to achieve an optimal clinical outcome.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Conjunctival Neoplasms; Eye Neoplasms; Fluorouracil; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 33564137
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01422-3 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 1971Based upon observations on 48 cases of retinoblastoma and published reports, the hypothesis is developed that retinoblastoma is a cancer caused by two mutational events....
Based upon observations on 48 cases of retinoblastoma and published reports, the hypothesis is developed that retinoblastoma is a cancer caused by two mutational events. In the dominantly inherited form, one mutation is inherited via the germinal cells and the second occurs in somatic cells. In the nonhereditary form, both mutations occur in somatic cells. The second mutation produces an average of three retinoblastomas per individual inheriting the first mutation. Using Poisson statistics, one can calculate that this number (three) can explain the occasional gene carrier who gets no tumor, those who develop only unilateral tumors, and those who develop bilateral tumors, as well as explaining instances of multiple tumors in one eye. This value for the mean number of tumors occurring in genetic carriers may be used to estimate the mutation rate for each mutation. The germinal and somatic rates for the first, and the somatic rate for the second, mutation, are approximately equal. The germinal mutation may arise in some instances from a delayed mutation.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Eye Neoplasms; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Infant; Male; Mutation; Retinoblastoma; Retrospective Studies; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 5279523
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.4.820 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2023Ocular tumours may arise from various tissues and therefore present as a heterogeneous group of diseases with unspecific symptoms. Some of the tumours carry a high... (Review)
Review
Ocular tumours may arise from various tissues and therefore present as a heterogeneous group of diseases with unspecific symptoms. Some of the tumours carry a high mortality with a life expectancy less than 50% after ten years. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for a good outcome, and centralization has led to a decreased morbidity and increased survival in Denmark. Tumour-specific somatic mutations can be used for personalized follow-up programmes and may lead to new treatment modalities, as argued in this review.
Topics: Humans; Eye Neoplasms
PubMed: 38018732
DOI: No ID Found -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2017Intraocular metastases almost invariably arise in the uveal tract, mostly in the posterior choroid. They are the most common type of intraocular malignancy and often the... (Review)
Review
Intraocular metastases almost invariably arise in the uveal tract, mostly in the posterior choroid. They are the most common type of intraocular malignancy and often the first sign of tumor dissemination. Choroidal metastases generally appear as a creamy white or pale yellow mass associated with subretinal fluid and may be multifocal and bilateral. The most common primary sites are breast and lung. Diagnosis is aided by a variety of tests, particularly ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography. Intraocular biopsy is useful in patients with clinical suspicion of uveal metastasis but no evidence of primary malignancy despite systemic evaluation. If systemic treatment fails to control the ocular tumor, a good response is usually achieved with local therapies such as external beam radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, and transpupillary thermotherapy. The life expectancy of patients with choroidal metastases is generally poor but has been improving thanks to the therapeutic advances taking place.
Topics: Disease Management; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis
PubMed: 28399345
DOI: 10.22608/APO.201712 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2017Tumors of the lacrimal sac are rare but their recognition and early management are imperative, as they are locally invasive and potentially life-threatening. Because of... (Review)
Review
Tumors of the lacrimal sac are rare but their recognition and early management are imperative, as they are locally invasive and potentially life-threatening. Because of their rarity, large clinical studies with statistically significant data on the natural course, management, and prognosis of these neoplasms are unavailable. Current practices are therefore based on a few case series and a small number of isolated case reports. Most tumors are primary and of epithelial origin (60-94%), of which 55% are malignant. Lacrimal sac tumors typically present with epiphora and a palpable mass over the medial canthus and are thus often erroneously diagnosed as chronic dacryocystitis. A full history with clinical and diagnostic workup is essential to plan treatment, which is often multi-disciplinary. Statistically significant associations have been shown with higher tumor staging and size with increased metastatic risk and lower survival rates. Management usually involves complete surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for malignant lesions. Long-term follow-up is required, as recurrences and metastases can occur many years after initial treatment.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
PubMed: 28399337
DOI: 10.22608/APO.201713 -
BioMed Research International 2020Cellular communication is an essential process for the development and maintenance of all tissues including the eye. Recently, a new method of cellular communication has... (Review)
Review
Cellular communication is an essential process for the development and maintenance of all tissues including the eye. Recently, a new method of cellular communication has been described, which relies on formation of tubules, called tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). These structures connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow the direct transport of cellular cargo between cells without the need for secretion into the extracellular milieu. TNTs may be an important mechanism for signaling between cells that reside long distances from each other or for cells in aqueous environments, where diffusion-based signaling is challenging. Given the wide range of cargoes transported, such as lysosomes, endosomes, mitochondria, viruses, and miRNAs, TNTs may play a role in normal homeostatic processes in the eye as well as function in ocular disease. This review will describe TNT cellular communication in ocular cell cultures and the mammalian eye , the role of TNTs in mitochondrial transport with an emphasis on mitochondrial eye diseases, and molecules involved in TNT biogenesis and their function in eyes, and finally, we will describe TNT formation in inflammation, cancer, and stem cells, focusing on pathological processes of particular interest to vision scientists.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Communication; Eye; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Nanotubes
PubMed: 32352005
DOI: 10.1155/2020/7246785 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2016Biopsy involves the surgical removal of a tissue specimen for histopathologic evaluation. Most intraocular tumors are reliably diagnosed based on the clinical evaluation... (Review)
Review
Biopsy involves the surgical removal of a tissue specimen for histopathologic evaluation. Most intraocular tumors are reliably diagnosed based on the clinical evaluation or with noninvasive diagnostic techniques. However, accurately diagnosing a small percentage of tumors can be challenging. A tissue biopsy is thus needed to establish a definitive diagnosis and plan the requisite treatment. From fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to surgical excision, all tissue collection techniques have been studied in the literature. Each technique has its indications and limitations. FNAB has been reported to provide for 88-95% reliable and safe ophthalmic tumor diagnosis and has gained popularity for prognostic purposes and providing eye conserving treatment surgeries. The technique and instrumentation for biopsy vary depending upon the tissue involved (retina, choroid, subretinal space, vitreous, and aqueous), suspected diagnosis, size, location, associated retinal detachment, and clarity of the media. The cytopathologist confers a very important role in diagnosis and their assistance plays a key role in managing and planning the treatment for malignancies.
Topics: Biopsy; Eye; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Staging
PubMed: 27488148
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.187652 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... 2004Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor among the entire group of mesenchymal malignancies, it is a relatively common lesion and significant challenge for the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor among the entire group of mesenchymal malignancies, it is a relatively common lesion and significant challenge for the ocular oncologist in terms of its diagnosis and management.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search of articles published over the past 30 years in PubMed was conducted.
RESULTS
Orbital RMS usually presents as a space-occupying lesion in the orbit during the first decade and may mimic other neoplastic or inflammatory masses. The tumor has predilection for the superior nasal quadrant of the orbit. The clinical manifestations depend on the location of the tumor within the orbit and its rate of growth. The common histopathologic types are embryonal and alveolar varieties. CT and MR imaging are important in the evaluation of this tumor. Particular attention should be placed on the bone invasion and extension of the tumor into the intracranial cavity and paranasal sinuses. Treatment usually consists of a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy following excisional biopsy.
CONCLUSIONS
Survival of orbital RMS has improved due to advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Posttreatment complications, including side effects of radiotherapy and secondary orbital malignancies, as well as visual dysfunction, occur more often and present new challenges due to improved long-term survival.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Eye Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Prognosis; Radiotherapy; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 15377992
DOI: 10.1177/107327480401100507 -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2011Schwannomas located in the eye are extremely rare and mainly arise from ciliary nerves. Ocular schwannoma usually present in the choroid, ciliary body or rarely sclera...
Schwannomas located in the eye are extremely rare and mainly arise from ciliary nerves. Ocular schwannoma usually present in the choroid, ciliary body or rarely sclera as a benign solitary amelanotic lesions. A 41-year-old woman presented with a history of decreased vision in her right eye of 3 months duration. She had an amelanotic lesion in the nasal side of left fundus. After all work-ups, malignant melanoma was suspected and enucleation was done. In clinicopathologic examination, findings were in favour of intrascleral schwannoma. Despite new modern diagnostic modalities, there are still some fundus lesions that are easily mistaken for amelanotic melanoma. Diagnostic procedures such as fine needle aspiration should be considered for equivocal lesions in the fundus that are not definitely diagnosed before surgery.
Topics: Adult; Eye Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neurilemmoma; Sclera
PubMed: 22707621
DOI: 10.1136/bcr.07.2010.3158