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Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2019Minoxidil was first introduced as an antihypertensive medication and the discovery of its common adverse event, hypertrichosis, led to the development of a topical... (Review)
Review
Minoxidil was first introduced as an antihypertensive medication and the discovery of its common adverse event, hypertrichosis, led to the development of a topical formulation for promoting hair growth. To date, topical minoxidil is the mainstay treatment for androgenetic alopecia and is used as an off-label treatment for other hair loss conditions. Despite its widespread application, the exact mechanism of action of minoxidil is still not fully understood. In this article, we aim to review and update current information on the pharmacology, mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and adverse events of topical minoxidil.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Hair; Humans; Hypertrichosis; Minoxidil; Molecular Structure; Sulfotransferases
PubMed: 31496654
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S214907 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Feb 2022Currently, botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections are the most commonly performed non-invasive procedure for rejuvenation on the upper face. The therapeutic use of botulinum... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Currently, botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections are the most commonly performed non-invasive procedure for rejuvenation on the upper face. The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin has generally been safe and well tolerated. Adverse effects are considered mild, transient, and self-limited. However, as with all other injectable procedures, this one is also susceptible to adverse events and complications. When the safety zones are respected, the chance of any of these complications is practically null. Thus, this review aims to describe the main complications of treatment with BoNT on the upper face and to present a practical guide based on current evidence on how to avoid them.
METHODS
The literature research considered published journal articles (clinical trials or scientific reviews). Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed) and reference lists of respective articles.
RESULTS
The main complications secondary to BoNT injections on the upper face are: ptosis of eyelid or eyebrow, eyebrow asymmetry, diplopia, Lakeophthalmos, Palpebral ectropion, and prominence of the palpebral bags. To avoid such complications, it is necessary to have knowledge of the anatomy of this region and adequate and individualized planning based on the existing patterns of the frontalis muscle, glabella, and crow's feet. This review presents the specificities of each of these regions and practical suggestions to obtain satisfactory results, avoiding complications.
CONCLUSION
Particularly on the upper face treatment with BoNT offers predictable results, has few adverse effects, and is associated with high patient satisfaction. However, it is suggested that the commented parameters and safety areas be incorporated into daily practice so that the possibilities of complications are minimized as much as possible.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Face; Forehead; Humans; Rejuvenation; Skin Aging
PubMed: 34341857
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02483-1 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Jan 2023Madarosis is characterized by either complete or partial loss of eyebrow or eyelash hair. Etiologies for madarosis are varied, and accurate diagnosis is the first step... (Review)
Review
Madarosis is characterized by either complete or partial loss of eyebrow or eyelash hair. Etiologies for madarosis are varied, and accurate diagnosis is the first step in clinical management. Many studies have described findings related to specific causes of madarosis, but few have summarized the collective literature. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview on the symptomatology, diagnosis, trichoscopy findings, and treatment of eyebrow and eyelash alopecia.
Topics: Humans; Eyebrows; Alopecia; Eyelashes; Hair
PubMed: 36183302
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00729-5 -
Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2020None of brow lift techniques are completely satisfactory because of their limited effectiveness, lack of longevity, and potential complications. The aim of this study... (Review)
Review
None of brow lift techniques are completely satisfactory because of their limited effectiveness, lack of longevity, and potential complications. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the pros and cons of the most popular techniques in brow and forehead lift. Relevant original articles in the PubMed database (English language) were sought using the search terms "eyebrow lift", "forehead lift", "periorbital rejuvenation", "eyebrow ptosis", "blepharoplasty and eyebrow change", "surgical eyebrow lift", and "non-surgical eyebrow lift", No date limitation was considered. Titles and abstracts were scanned to include the most pertinent articles. Subsequently, full texts of included articles (111 articles) were skimmed and finally 56 references were selected for the review. A narrative synthesis of data was finally undertaken with particular attention to the indications, techniques, and common complications of the eyebrow lift procedures. Ten popular techniques including two non-surgical methods (Botulinum toxin A and soft tissue fillers) were reviewed in this article. In general, non-surgical methods of forehead/brow lift are temporary, need less experience and correction would be easier should any complication occur. Surgical methods are divided into three categories: trans-blepharoplasty eyebrow lift, direct eyebrow lift, and trans-forehead eyebrow/forehead lift. Currently, the most popular method is the endoscopic forehead lift approach even though its longevity is limited. Direct brow-lift is particularly useful in patients with facial palsy and those who are more likely to be accepting of the scar (male gender, high forehead hair line).
PubMed: 32308957
DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v15i2.6740 -
Toxins Apr 2022Botulinum neurotoxin injection for treating glabellar frown lines is a commonly used method; however, side effects, such as ptosis and samurai eyebrow, have been... (Review)
Review
Botulinum neurotoxin injection for treating glabellar frown lines is a commonly used method; however, side effects, such as ptosis and samurai eyebrow, have been reported due to a lack of comprehensive anatomical knowledge. The anatomical factors important for the injection of the botulinum neurotoxin into the corrugator supercilii muscle has been reviewed in this study. Current understanding on the localization of the botulinum neurotoxin injection point from newer anatomy examination was evaluated. We observed that for the glabellar-frown-line-related muscles, the injection point could be more accurately demarcated. We propose the injection method and the best possible injection sites for the corrugator supercilii muscle. We propose the optimal injection sites using external anatomical landmarks for the frequently injected muscles of the face to accelerate effective glabellar frown line removal. Moreover, these instructions would support a more accurate procedure without adverse events.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Eyebrows; Facial Muscles; Forehead; Neuromuscular Agents; Skin Aging
PubMed: 35448877
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040268 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Mar 2023Keratosis pilaris, or 'plucked chicken skin', is a very common condition. It is caused by keratin accumulation in the hair follicles. Although mild cases of the...
Keratosis pilaris, or 'plucked chicken skin', is a very common condition. It is caused by keratin accumulation in the hair follicles. Although mild cases of the condition can be considered to be a normal variant, it can lead to multiple appointments with general practitioners and dermatologists. In rare cases, keratosis pilaris can form part of specific syndromes or be associated with other diseases. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the different variants of keratosis pilaris and discuss the pathogenesis and treatment options.
Topics: Humans; Darier Disease; Eyebrows; Abnormalities, Multiple
PubMed: 36987905
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0513 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International May 2016Hair loss is caused by a variety of hair growth disorders, each with its own pathogenetic mechanism. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Hair loss is caused by a variety of hair growth disorders, each with its own pathogenetic mechanism.
METHODS
This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, on the current German and European guidelines, and on the authors' clinical and scientific experience.
RESULTS
Excessive daily hair loss (effluvium) may be physiological, as in the postpartum state, or pathological, due for example to thyroid disturbances, drug effects, iron deficiency, or syphilis. Androgenetic alopecia generally manifests itself in women as diffuse thinning of the hair over the top of the scalp, and in men as receding temporal hairlines and loss of hair in the region of the whorl on the back of the head. Alopecia areata is patchy hair loss arising over a short time and involving the scalp, eyebrows, beard, or entire body. The hair loss of alopecia areata is reversible in principle but hard to treat. Folliculitis decalvans is a form of alopecia with scarring, characterized by inflamed papules, pustules, and crusts at the edges of the lesions. Lichen planopilaris generally presents with small patches of baldness, peripilar erythema, and round areas of skin scaling. Kossard's frontal fibrosing alopecia is characterized by a receding hairline and loss of eyebrows.
CONCLUSION
Hair loss is a symptom, not a diagnosis. The pathogenesis of the alopecias involves a range of genetic, endocrine, immune, and inflammatory processes, each of which calls for its own form of treatment.
Topics: Alopecia; Combined Modality Therapy; Dermatologic Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Finasteride; Hair; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Minoxidil; Scalp Dermatoses; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27504707
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0377