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PloS One 2014Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body...
BACKGROUND
Despite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes.
METHODS
Body weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports.
RESULTS
We derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences).
CONCLUSIONS
These reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Adult; Athletes; Body Composition; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Young Adult
PubMed: 24830292
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097846 -
PloS One Sep 2009In 2008 the National Center for Health Statistics released a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body dataset from the NHANES population-based sample acquired...
In 2008 the National Center for Health Statistics released a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body dataset from the NHANES population-based sample acquired with modern fan beam scanners in 15 counties across the United States from 1999 through 2004. The NHANES dataset was partitioned by gender and ethnicity and DXA whole body measures of %fat, fat mass/height(2), lean mass/height(2), appendicular lean mass/height(2), %fat trunk/%fat legs ratio, trunk/limb fat mass ratio of fat, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were analyzed to provide reference values for subjects 8 to 85 years old. DXA reference values for adults were normalized to age; reference values for children included total and sub-total whole body results and were normalized to age, height, or lean mass. We developed an obesity classification scheme by using estabbody mass index (BMI) classification thresholds and prevalences in young adults to generate matching classification thresholds for Fat Mass Index (FMI; fat mass/height(2)). These reference values should be helpful in the evaluation of a variety of adult and childhood abnormalities involving fat, lean, and bone, for establishing entry criteria into clinical trials, and for other medical, research, and epidemiological uses.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Bone Density; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Reference Values; United States
PubMed: 19753111
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007038 -
Reference Data for Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance in Croatian Youth.International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021Fat mass and fat-free mass have become useful clinical indices in determining healthy growth and physical development during critical periods of childhood and...
Fat mass and fat-free mass have become useful clinical indices in determining healthy growth and physical development during critical periods of childhood and adolescence; however, despite a wide range of nutritional surveillance its study is limited by a lack of reference data. The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific and age-specific standards for fat mass and fat-free mass in a large sample of Croatian children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, we collected data from 12,678 participants aged 11 to 18 years old (mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 14.17 ± 2.25 years; height 164.56 ± 11.31 cm; weight: 57.45 ± 13.73 kg; body mass index: 21.24 ± 3.67 kg/m; 53% girls). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured three times by bioelectrical impedance. The Lambda, Mu and Sigma methods were used to create percentile charts for fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI; fat mass and fat-free mass divided by height). Sex and age differences were calculated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparisons. Boys had lower FMI (from 2.66 to 3.89) and higher FFMI values (from 16.90 to 17.80) in all age groups, compared to girls (for FMI from 2.79 to 5.17 and for FFMI from 14.50 to 14.90, < 0.001). In boys, FMI slightly declined until the age of 14, after which an increase from the age of 15 to 18 was observed. In girls, FMI gradually increased from the age of 11 to 18 ( < 0.001). In general, FFMI increased by age in boys [F(7,5440) = 52.674, < 0.001], while girls had more stable FFMI across all age groups [F(7,7222) = 2.728, = 0.057]. The newly established sex-specific and age-specific reference data could be used for national surveillance and to screen for children and adolescents with high FMI and low FFMI.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electric Impedance; Female; Humans; Male; Reference Standards
PubMed: 34444250
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168501 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Apr 2007Childhood and adolescence are decisive periods in human life. Body composition and psychological changes determine nutritional requirements as well as eating and... (Review)
Review
Childhood and adolescence are decisive periods in human life. Body composition and psychological changes determine nutritional requirements as well as eating and physical activity behavior variability. Aims of the present paper are to discuss recent advances in measurements for quantifying total body and regional adiposity, and for mapping adipose tissue distribution in order to evaluate metabolic risk factors in children. Among the new methods available for assessing pediatric body composition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can serve as a reference method for measuring tissue and organ volumes because estimates is reliable independent of age. MRI is the method of choice for calibrating field methods designed to measure adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in vivo and is the only method available for measurement of internal tissues and organs. MRI can be used to validate measures of important molecular level components such as fat measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioimpedance analysis. Moreover, the large gap in available information for certain topics makes MRI measurement a dynamic and growing scientific area of body composition investigation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Composition; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Obesity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 17313413
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00168.x -
Radiology Nov 2022Excessive liver fat (steatosis) is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is an independent risk factor for cirrhosis and associated... (Review)
Review
Excessive liver fat (steatosis) is now the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is an independent risk factor for cirrhosis and associated complications. Accurate and clinically useful diagnosis, risk stratification, prognostication, and therapy monitoring require accurate and reliable biomarker measurement at acceptable cost. This article describes a joint effort by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) and the RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) to develop standards for clinical and technical validation of quantitative biomarkers for liver steatosis. The AIUM Liver Fat Quantification Task Force provides clinical guidance, while the RSNA QIBA Pulse-Echo Quantitative Ultrasound Biomarker Committee develops methods to measure biomarkers and reduce biomarker variability. In this article, the authors present the clinical need for quantitative imaging biomarkers of liver steatosis, review the current state of various imaging modalities, and describe the technical state of the art for three key liver steatosis pulse-echo quantitative US biomarkers: attenuation coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and speed of sound. Lastly, a perspective on current challenges and recommendations for clinical translation for each biomarker is offered.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Liver; Liver; Ultrasonography; Biomarkers; Reference Standards; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36098640
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212808 -
Biosensors Aug 2022Milk and dairy products are common foods and, therefore, are subject to regular controls. Such controls cover both the identification and quantification of specific... (Review)
Review
Milk and dairy products are common foods and, therefore, are subject to regular controls. Such controls cover both the identification and quantification of specific components and the determination of physical parameters. Components include the usual milk ingredients, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, and any impurities that may be present. The latter range from small molecules, such as drug residues, to large molecules, e.g., protein-based toxins, to pathogenic microorganisms. Physical parameters of interest include viscosity as an indicator of milk gelation. Bulk and surface acoustic wave sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, can principally be used for both types of analysis, with the actual application mainly depending on the device coating and the test format. This review summarizes the achievements of acoustic sensor devices used for milk analysis applications, including the determination of physical liquid parameters and the detection of low- and high-molecular-weight analytes and microorganisms. It is shown how the various requirements resulting from the respective analytes and the complex sample matrix are addressed, and to what extent the analytical demands, e.g., with regard to legal limits, are met.
Topics: Acoustics; Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Milk; Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; Sound
PubMed: 36005001
DOI: 10.3390/bios12080602 -
JAMA Network Open Jan 2022Weight-for-height z score (WHZ) is a standard indicator of children's nutritional status even though it does not fully reflect body fat.
IMPORTANCE
Weight-for-height z score (WHZ) is a standard indicator of children's nutritional status even though it does not fully reflect body fat.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the combined association of WHZ and body fat with early development in the East Asia and Pacific region.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Children from the East Asia-Pacific Early Child Development Scales validation study, with full data available regarding their nutritional status and outcomes, were included in this cross-sectional analysis. In brief, a multilevel stratified random sampling was used to select representative samples from each participating country in the study. WHZ and body fat were independently trichotomized using established references and were combined to form a 9-category exposure variable. Data collection was performed between 2012 and 2014, and the analyses were conducted in June 2021.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The binary outcome variable of not being developmentally on track (hereafter referred to as poor development) was defined as a score less than the 25th percentile in the following domains: cognitive, language, socioemotional, motor development, and total development score. Poisson regression models were used to analyze the associations between the combined categories and poor development, adjusted for sociodemographic factors.
RESULTS
A total of 6815 children (mean [SD] age, 4.02 [0.8] years; 3434 girls [50.4%]) had full data available and were included in this study. Compared with children with normal weight and normal fat, those with wasting and low body fat had the highest likelihood of total poor development (prevalence ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.28-1.70), followed by those with normal weight but low fat (prevalence ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.36). Similar associations were found in language, cognitive, and socioemotional development, but not in motor development.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Poor development was more commonly found in children with low body fat independent of WHZ (wasted or normal weight). Early public health strategies may consider using a combination of WHZ and body fat as an indicator of poor development.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Height; Body Weight; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Asia, Eastern; Female; Humans; Male; Nutritional Status; Reference Values
PubMed: 34989793
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42458 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Apr 2022To develop and validate a prediction model for fat mass in infants ≤12 kg using easily accessible measurements such as weight and length.
OBJECTIVES
To develop and validate a prediction model for fat mass in infants ≤12 kg using easily accessible measurements such as weight and length.
STUDY DESIGN
We used data from a pooled cohort of 359 infants age 1-24 months and weighing 3-12 kg from 3 studies across Southern California and New York City. The training data set (75% of the cohort) included 269 infants and the testing data set (25% of the cohort) included 90 infants age 1-24 months. Quantitative magnetic resonance was used as the standard measure for fat mass. We used multivariable linear regression analysis, with backwards selection of predictor variables and fractional polynomials for nonlinear relationships to predict infant fat mass (from which lean mass can be estimated by subtracting resulting estimates from total mass) in the training data set. We used 5-fold cross-validation to examine overfitting and generalizability of the model's predictive performance. Finally, we tested the adjusted model on the testing data set.
RESULTS
The final model included weight, length, sex, and age, and had high predictive ability for fat mass with good calibration of observed and predicted values in the training data set (optimism-adjusted R: 92.1%). Performance on the test dataset showed promising generalizability (adjusted R: 85.4%). The mean difference between observed and predicted values in the testing dataset was 0.015 kg (-0.043 to -0.072 kg; 0.7% of the mean).
CONCLUSIONS
Our model accurately predicted infant fat mass and could be used to improve the accuracy of assessments of infant body composition for effective early identification, surveillance, prevention, and management of obesity and future chronic disease risk.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Body Composition; Calibration; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Linear Models; Obesity
PubMed: 34971655
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.058 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2021Body weight or BMI do not provide any information about the content of muscle tissue, water content, body fat and its distribution in the body. Thyroid dysfunction is...
BACKGROUND
Body weight or BMI do not provide any information about the content of muscle tissue, water content, body fat and its distribution in the body. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with a change in body weight, but also its composition regardless of physical activity.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to compare the body composition of female patients diagnosed with Hashimoto's disease (HD) and the body composition of healthy women who have never been treated before due to thyroid diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study involved 47 women diagnosed with Hashimoto disease (HD) and 65 women declaring good health. Body mass and height and body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis were performed using the TANITA multi-frequency segmental body composition analyzer. Variables having a distribution similar to the normal distribution were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), otherwise the Kruskal-Wallis test was used.
RESULTS
Women with Hashimoto disease were characterized by significantly higher values of body weight, and thus BMI index, than healthy women (respectively 73.64 kg vs. 64.36 kg, p <0.0001; 27.65 kg/m2 vs. 23.95 kg/m2, p <0.001).The problem of excess body fat in the body statistically significantly more often affected women with Hashimoto disease than healthy women (44.7% vs. 13.8%, p <0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The results regarding the weight and composition of the patients treated for thyroid disease indicate the need for further in-depth analyses. Even small abnormalities of the thyroid function in the range of reference values may result in the development of many adverse changes in the body.
Topics: Body Composition; Exercise; Female; Hashimoto Disease; Health Status; Humans; Reference Values
PubMed: 34927634
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2021.0179 -
PloS One 2014Whether retroperitoneal fat should be included in the measurement of visceral fat remains controversial. We compared the relationships of fat areas in peritoneal,...
OBJECTIVE
Whether retroperitoneal fat should be included in the measurement of visceral fat remains controversial. We compared the relationships of fat areas in peritoneal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous compartments to metabolic syndrome, adipokines, and incident hypertension and diabetes.
METHODS
We enrolled 432 adult participants (153 men and 279 women) in a community-based cohort study. Computed tomography at the umbilicus level was used to measure the fat areas.
RESULTS
Retroperitoneal fat correlated significantly with metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 5.651, p<0.05) and the number of metabolic abnormalities (p<0.05). Retroperitoneal fat area was significantly associated with blood pressure, plasma glycemic indices, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, adiponectin (r = -0.244, P<0.05), and leptin (r = 0.323, p<0.05), but not plasma renin or aldosterone concentrations. During the 2.94 ± 0.84 years of follow-up, 32 participants developed incident hypertension. Retroperitoneal fat area (hazard ration (HR) 1.62, p = 0.003) and peritoneal fat area (HR 1.62, p = 0.009), but not subcutaneous fat area (p = 0.14) were associated with incident hypertension. Neither retroperitoneal fat area, peritoneal fat area, nor subcutaneous fat areas was associated with incident diabetes after adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS
Retroperitoneal fat is similar to peritoneal fat, but differs from subcutaneous fat, in terms of its relationship with metabolic syndrome and incident hypertension. Retroperitoneal fat area should be included in the measurement of visceral fat for cardio-metabolic studies in human.
Topics: Abdominal Fat; Adipokines; Adult; Aged; Body Weights and Measures; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Organ Size; Public Health Surveillance; Risk Factors; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25401949
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112355