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World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2016Anorectal emergencies refer to anorectal disorders presenting with some alarming symptoms such as acute anal pain and bleeding which might require an immediate...
Anorectal emergencies refer to anorectal disorders presenting with some alarming symptoms such as acute anal pain and bleeding which might require an immediate management. This article deals with the diagnosis and management of common anorectal emergencies such as acutely thrombosed external hemorrhoid, thrombosed or strangulated internal hemorrhoid, bleeding hemorrhoid, bleeding anorectal varices, anal fissure, irreducible or strangulated rectal prolapse, anorectal abscess, perineal necrotizing fasciitis (Fournier gangrene), retained anorectal foreign bodies and obstructing rectal cancer. Sexually transmitted diseases as anorectal non-surgical emergencies and some anorectal emergencies in neonates are also discussed. The last part of this review dedicates to the management of early complications following common anorectal procedures that may present as an emergency including acute urinary retention, bleeding, fecal impaction and anorectal sepsis. Although many of anorectal disorders presenting in an emergency setting are not life-threatening and may be successfully treated in an outpatient clinic, an accurate diagnosis and proper management remains a challenging problem for clinicians. A detailed history taking and a careful physical examination, including digital rectal examination and anoscopy, is essential for correct diagnosis and plan of treatment. In some cases, some imaging examinations, such as endoanal ultrasonography and computerized tomography scan of whole abdomen, are required. If in doubt, the attending physicians should not hesitate to consult an expert e.g., colorectal surgeon about the diagnosis, proper management and appropriate follow-up.
Topics: Abscess; Adult; Anorectal Malformations; Digital Rectal Examination; Emergencies; Endoscopy; Fissure in Ano; Foreign Bodies; Fournier Gangrene; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hemorrhoids; Hirschsprung Disease; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Obstruction; Perineum; Rectal Diseases; Rectal Neoplasms; Rectal Prolapse; Rectum; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Thrombosis; Varicose Veins
PubMed: 27468181
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5867 -
American Family Physician Jan 2020Common anorectal conditions include hemorrhoids, perianal pruritus, anal fissures, functional rectal pain, perianal abscess, condyloma, rectal prolapse, and fecal... (Review)
Review
Common anorectal conditions include hemorrhoids, perianal pruritus, anal fissures, functional rectal pain, perianal abscess, condyloma, rectal prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Although these are benign conditions, symptoms can be similar to those of cancer, so malignancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis. History and examination, including anoscopy, are usually sufficient for diagnosing these conditions, although additional testing is needed in some situations. The primary treatment for hemorrhoids is fiber supplementation. Patients who do not improve and those with large high-grade hemorrhoids should be referred for surgery. Acutely thrombosed external hemorrhoids should be excised. Perianal pruritus should be treated with hygienic measures, barrier emollients, and low-dose topical corticosteroids. Capsaicin cream and tacrolimus ointment are effective for recalcitrant cases. Treatment of acute anal fissures with pain and bleeding involves adequate fluid and fiber intake. Chronic anal fissures should be treated with topical nitrates or calcium channel blockers, with surgery for patients who do not respond to medical management. Patients with functional rectal pain should be treated with warm baths, fiber supplementation, and biofeedback. Patients with superficial perianal abscesses not involving the sphincter should undergo office-based drainage; patients with more extensive abscesses or possible fistulas should be referred for surgery. Condylomata can be managed with topical medicines, excision, or destruction. Patients with rectal prolapse should be referred for surgical evaluation. Biofeedback is a first-line treatment for fecal incontinence, but antidiarrheal agents are useful if diarrhea is involved, and fiber and laxatives may be used if impaction is present. Colostomy can help improve quality of life for patients with severe fecal incontinence.
Topics: Anus Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 31894930
DOI: No ID Found -
American Family Physician Sep 2015Chronic constipation is common in adults older than 60 years, and symptoms occur in up to 50% of nursing home residents. Primary constipation is also referred to as...
Chronic constipation is common in adults older than 60 years, and symptoms occur in up to 50% of nursing home residents. Primary constipation is also referred to as functional constipation. Secondary constipation is associated with chronic disease processes, medication use, and psychosocial issues. Fecal impaction should be treated with mineral oil or warm water enemas. Most patients are initially treated with lifestyle modifications, such as scheduled toileting after meals, increased fluid intake, and increased dietary fiber intake. Additional fiber intake in the form of polycarbophil, methylcellulose, or psyllium may improve symptoms. Fiber intake should be slowly increased over several weeks to decrease adverse effects. The next step in the treatment of constipation is the use of an osmotic laxative, such as polyethylene glycol, followed by a stool softener, such as docusate sodium, and then stimulant laxatives. Long-term use of magnesium-based laxatives should be avoided because of potential toxicity. If symptoms do not improve, a trial of linaclotide or lubiprostone may be appropriate, or the patient may be referred for further diagnostic evaluation. Peripherally acting mu-opioid antagonists are effective for opioid-induced constipation but are expensive.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chronic Disease; Constipation; Education, Medical, Continuing; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; United States
PubMed: 26371734
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Emergency... Aug 2020Fecal impaction may complicate chronic constipation. We report a fatal case of fecal impaction in a patient treated with long-term neuroleptic treatment.
BACKGROUND
Fecal impaction may complicate chronic constipation. We report a fatal case of fecal impaction in a patient treated with long-term neuroleptic treatment.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 70-year-old man with a history of severe chronic psychosis treated with olanzapine was admitted to the emergency department for acute abdominal pain and increased abdominal perimeter. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a severe fecal impaction with no sign of peritonitis or acute mesenteric ischemia. The patient eventually died from multi-organ failure 2 days after his admission to the intensive care unit.
CONCLUSIONS
Chronic constipation with fecal impaction is a well-known complication of long-term neuroleptic treatment. Severe forms may be life-threatening. Prevention with systematic administration of laxatives appears of paramount importance.
PubMed: 32819269
DOI: 10.1186/s12245-020-00305-w -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery May 2005Fecal impaction is a common gastrointestinal problem and a potential source of major morbidity. Prompt identification and treatment minimize the risks of complications....
Fecal impaction is a common gastrointestinal problem and a potential source of major morbidity. Prompt identification and treatment minimize the risks of complications. Treatment options include manual extraction and proximal or distal washout. Following treatment, possible etiologies should be sought and preventive therapy instituted.
PubMed: 20011351
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870893 -
Annals of Oncology : Official Journal... Oct 2018
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Analgesics, Opioid; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Cancer Pain; Constipation; Enema; Europe; Fecal Impaction; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Laxatives; Massage; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Self Care; Societies, Medical; Suppositories; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30016389
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy148 -
Cureus Jul 2023Fecal impaction and stercoral colitis are common, yet little research has been performed on the associated mortality risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study of...
Fecal impaction and stercoral colitis are common, yet little research has been performed on the associated mortality risk. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 970 hospital encounters representing 885 unique patients in which fecal impaction or stercoral colitis was identified in CT reports. Among the 535 patients with fecal impaction, 13.3% died or were discharged to hospice, compared to 13.1% among the 428 patients with nonperforated stercoral colitis (p = 0.93). Of the seven patients with perforation, five died or were discharged to hospice. The risk of death or discharge to hospice for patients with fecal impaction or nonperforated stercoral colitis aged 18-49 was 2.9% and rose approximately 4% each decade thereafter to 21.9% for patients 90 and older (p< 0.001). Patients with a body mass index of 25-30 had an 8.1% risk of death or discharge to hospice, compared to 23.4% for those with a BMI < 18.5 (p< 0.001). Patients with at least one ICD-10 code for dementia, paralysis/neuromuscular disease, or malnutrition/failure to thrive had a risk of death or discharge to hospice of 21.6%, compared to 1.9% among patients with none of these risk factors (p< 0.001). ICD-10 codes for sepsis were associated with 90.0% of the deaths and 44.3% of the discharges to hospice. Patients diagnosed in less than three hours had a risk of death or discharge to hospice of 8.0%, compared to a risk of 20.1% for those diagnosed in ≥ 12 hours (p< 0.001).
PubMed: 37441101
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41705