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Journal of Agricultural and Food... Apr 2022A simple and sensitive fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) based on a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) for rapid detection of fenitrothion was developed. A VHH library was constructed...
A simple and sensitive fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) based on a heavy-chain antibody (VHH) for rapid detection of fenitrothion was developed. A VHH library was constructed from an immunized alpaca, and one clone recognizing fenitrothion (namely, VHHjd8) was achieved after careful biopanning. It was biotinylated by fusing with the Avi tag and biotin ligase to obtain a fusion protein (VHHjd8-BT), showing both binding capacity to fenitrothion and the streptavidin poly-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (SA-polyHRP). Based on a competitive assay format, the absorbance spectrum of oxidized 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine generated by SA-polyHRP overlapped the emission spectrum of carbon dots, which resulted in quenching of signals due to the inner-filter effect. The developed FIA showed an IC value of 1.4 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.03 ng/mL, which exhibited 15-fold improvement compared with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The recovery test of FIA was validated by standard GC-MS/MS, and the results showed good consistency, indicating that the assay is an ideal tool for rapid screening of fenitrothion in bulk food samples.
Topics: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fenitrothion; Fluoroimmunoassay; Single-Domain Antibodies; Streptavidin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35333506
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00826 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2012Development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as...
Development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as alteration of drug target sites, up-regulation of degrading enzymes, and enhancement of drug excretion. Here, we report a previously unknown mechanism of insecticide resistance: Infection with an insecticide-degrading bacterial symbiont immediately establishes insecticide resistance in pest insects. The bean bug Riptortus pedestris and allied stinkbugs harbor mutualistic gut symbiotic bacteria of the genus Burkholderia, which are acquired by nymphal insects from environmental soil every generation. In agricultural fields, fenitrothion-degrading Burkolderia strains are present at very low densities. We demonstrated that the fenitrothion-degrading Burkholderia strains establish a specific and beneficial symbiosis with the stinkbugs and confer a resistance of the host insects against fenitrothion. Experimental applications of fenitrothion to field soils drastically enriched fenitrothion-degrading bacteria from undetectable levels to >80% of total culturable bacterial counts in the field soils, and >90% of stinkbugs reared with the enriched soil established symbiosis with fenitrothion-degrading Burkholderia. In a Japanese island where fenitrothion has been constantly applied to sugarcane fields, we identified a stinkbug population wherein the insects live on sugarcane and ≈8% of them host fenitrothion-degrading Burkholderia. Our finding suggests the possibility that the symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance may develop even in the absence of pest insects, quickly establish within a single insect generation, and potentially move around horizontally between different pest insects and other organisms.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Digestive System; Ecosystem; Female; Fenitrothion; Geography; Heteroptera; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Japan; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Symbiosis
PubMed: 22529384
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200231109 -
Toxicology Reports 2021The experiment was explicated to investigate the fenitrothion persuaded genotoxicity in the peripheral erythrocytes of zebrafish () through exposures (10 %, 20 % and 40...
The experiment was explicated to investigate the fenitrothion persuaded genotoxicity in the peripheral erythrocytes of zebrafish () through exposures (10 %, 20 % and 40 % of LC of fenitrothion, i.e., 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg/L, respectively) for variable periods (1, 3, and 7 days) and its subsequent post-exposure recuperation array in pesticide-free water for similar intervals was also evaluated. With the exception of the control group (0% of fenitrothion), the obtained results pointed out that with the promotion of time and concentrations, fenitrothion induced significantly ( < 0.05) higher prevalence and severity of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) such as- notched, micronucleus, nuclear bridges, blebbed, binucleated, nuclear bud and also erythrocytic cellular abnormalities ECA) such as - echinocytic, elongated, tear-drop, crescentic, twin, fusion, and spindle-shaped cells. Recuperation data stated that zebrafish cured spontaneously and aberrated erythrocytic anomalies in all treatments were renormalized according to the concentration and duration dependence. Hence, we concluded that fenitrothion has a dangerous effect on the zebrafish, and this technology can be used to anticipate the sensitivity of aquatic animals to environmental pollution.
PubMed: 33680864
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.019 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2023Carbaryl and fenitrothion are two insecticides sharing a common mode of action, the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Their use is now regulated or...
Carbaryl and fenitrothion are two insecticides sharing a common mode of action, the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Their use is now regulated or banned in different countries, and the environmental levels of both compounds in aquatic ecosystems have decreased to the range of pg/L to ng/L. As these concentrations are below the non-observed-adverse-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) for AChE inhibition reported for both compounds in aquatic organisms, there is a general agreement that the current levels of these two chemicals are safe for aquatic organisms. In this study we have exposed zebrafish, Japanese medaka and Daphnia magna to concentrations of carbaryl and fenitrothion under their NOAECs for 24-h, and the effects on heart rate (HR), basal locomotor activity (BLA), visual motor response (VMR), startle response (SR) and its habituation have been evaluated. Both pesticides increased the HR in the three selected model organisms, although the intensity of this effect was chemical-, concentration- and organism-dependent. The exposure to both pesticides also led to a decrease in BLA and an increase in VMR in all three species, although this effect was only significant in zebrafish larvae. For SR and its habituation, the response profile was more species- and concentration-specific. The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that concentrations of carbaryl and fenitrothion well below their respective NOAECs induce tachycardia and the impairment of ecologically relevant behaviors in phylogenetically distinct aquatic model organisms, both vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasizing the need to include this range of concentrations in the environmental risk assessment.
Topics: Animals; Carbaryl; Fenitrothion; Zebrafish; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Acetylcholinesterase; Heart Rate; Aquatic Organisms; Ecosystem; Insecticides; Pesticides; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36592917
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161268 -
Medicina 2016Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods, including those responsible for the current pandemic: alphavirus (Chikungunya) and flaviviruses (dengue and Zika). Its...
Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods, including those responsible for the current pandemic: alphavirus (Chikungunya) and flaviviruses (dengue and Zika). Its importance increased in the Americas over the past 20 years. The main vectors are Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. Dengue infection provides long lasting immunity against the specific serotype and temporary to the other three. Subsequent infection by another serotype determines more serious disease. There is a registered vaccine for dengue, Dengvaxia (Sanofi Pasteur). Other two (Butantan and Takeda) are in Phase III in 2016. Zika infection is usually asymptomatic or occurs with rash, conjunctivitis and not very high fever. There is no vaccine or specific treatment. It can be transmitted by parental, sexual and via blood transfusion. It has been associated with microcephaly. Chikungunya causes prolonged joint pain and persistent immune response. Two candidate vaccines are in Phase II. Dengue direct diagnosis is performed by virus isolation, RT-PCR and ELISA for NS1 antigen detection; indirect methods are ELISA-IgM (cross-reacting with other flavivirus), MAC-ELISA, and plaque neutralization. Zika is diagnosed by RT-PCR and virus isolation. Serological diagnosis cross-reacts with other flavivirus. For CHIKV culture, RT-PCR, MAC-ELISA and plaque neutralization are used. Against Aedes organophosphate larvicides (temephos), organophosphorus insecticides (malathion and fenitrothion) and pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) are usually employed. Resistance has been described to all these products. Vegetable derivatives are less expensive and biodegradable, including citronella oil, which microencapsulated can be preserved from evaporation.
Topics: Aedes; Americas; Animals; Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Dengue Virus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Viral Vaccines; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 26942903
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) Jan 2013Fenitrothion residue is found primarily in soil, water and food products and can lead to a variety of toxic effects on the immune, hepatobiliary and hematological...
OBJECTIVE
Fenitrothion residue is found primarily in soil, water and food products and can lead to a variety of toxic effects on the immune, hepatobiliary and hematological systems. However, the effects of fenitrothion on the male reproductive system remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fenitrothion on the sperm and testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats.
METHODS
A 20 mg/kg dose of fenitrothion was administered orally by gavages for 28 consecutive days. Blood sample was obtained by cardiac puncture and dissection of the testes and cauda epididymis was performed to obtain sperm. The effects of fenitrothion on the body and organ weight, biochemical and oxidative stress, sperm characteristics, histology and ultrastructural changes in the testes were evaluated.
RESULTS
Fenitrothion significantly decreased the body weight gain and weight of the epididymis compared with the control group. Fenitrothion also decreased plasma cholinesterase activity compared with the control group. Fenitrothion altered the sperm characteristics, such as sperm concentration, sperm viability and normal sperm morphology, compared with the control group. Oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, total glutathione and glutathione S-transferase, were significantly increased and superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased in the fenitrothion-treated group compared with the control group. The histopathological and ultrastructural examination of the testes of the fenitrothion-treated group revealed alterations corresponding with the biochemical changes compared with the control group.
CONCLUSION
A 20 mg/kg dose of fenitrothion caused deleterious effects on the sperm and testes of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Topics: Animals; Fenitrothion; Insecticides; Male; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spermatozoa; Testis; Time Factors
PubMed: 23420164
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(01)oa15 -
Nature Communications Nov 2021Insecticide resistance is one of the most serious problems in contemporary agriculture and public health. Although recent studies revealed that insect gut symbionts...
Insecticide resistance is one of the most serious problems in contemporary agriculture and public health. Although recent studies revealed that insect gut symbionts contribute to resistance, the symbiont-mediated detoxification process remains unclear. Here we report the in vivo detoxification process of an organophosphorus insecticide, fenitrothion, in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Using transcriptomics and reverse genetics, we reveal that gut symbiotic bacteria degrade this insecticide through a horizontally acquired insecticide-degrading enzyme into the non-insecticidal but bactericidal compound 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, which is subsequently excreted by the host insect. This integrated "host-symbiont reciprocal detoxification relay" enables the simultaneous maintenance of symbiosis and efficient insecticide degradation. We also find that the symbiont-mediated detoxification process is analogous to the insect genome-encoded fenitrothion detoxification system present in other insects. Our findings highlight the capacity of symbiosis, combined with horizontal gene transfer in the environment, as a powerful strategy for an insect to instantly eliminate a toxic chemical compound, which could play a critical role in the human-pest arms race.
Topics: Animals; Burkholderia; Heteroptera; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Symbiosis
PubMed: 34741016
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26649-2 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... May 2020Four commonly used organophosphates (fenitrothion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, and trichlorfon) were orally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for five days in order...
Four commonly used organophosphates (fenitrothion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, and trichlorfon) were orally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for five days in order to explore their effects on the activities of liver cytochrome P450 (CYP). In addition, Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the metabolic reactions catalyzed by liver CYPs were analyzed following the addition of these compounds to the assay system to examine their potential inhibitory effects on liver CYPs activities. These reactions included ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, midazolam 4-hydroxylation, tolbutamide hydroxylation, and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation for CYP1A, 3A, 2C, and 2D activities, respectively. Total CYP content was also examined after oral administration of each organophosphate. Results revealed that oral giving of fenitrothion inhibited significantly CYP1A and 3A activities while elevated activity of CYP2C. Fenitrothion is a potent inhibitor for CYP1A and 2C with Ki values of 0.42 and 36.1 µM, respectively but had a weak inhibitory effect on CYP2D and 3A with Ki values of 290 and 226 µM, respectively. Chlorpyrifos is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A with Ki 0.24 µM and moderately inhibited CYP2C or 3A with Ki values of 84.8 and 77.7 µM, respectively. On the other hand, dichlorvos and trichlorfon caused extremely low or negligible inhibition of different CYP activities. From these results, it is concluded that both fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos may increase the toxicity of chemicals in environmental living organisms through their potent inhibitory effects on these CYP activities, but dichlorvos and trichlorfon may not.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Liver; Male; Organophosphates; Pharmacokinetics; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 32213749
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0452 -
Veterinary Research Forum : An... Sep 2022Mosquitoes are involved in the transmission of a wide range of diseases and among them, , acts as a vector of avian malaria, tularemia and several arboviruses like West...
Mosquitoes are involved in the transmission of a wide range of diseases and among them, , acts as a vector of avian malaria, tularemia and several arboviruses like West Nile fever. The current study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of against deltamethrin 0.05% (pyrethroids), fenitrothion 1.00% (organophosphate) and bendiocarb 0.10% (carbamate). Mosquitoes were collected from different parts of Urmia county, the capital of West Azerbaijan. In the current study, 443 empty 3 - 5 days old adult female were used for susceptibility tests. The susceptibility status of was determined using WHO's recommended procedure. The results indicated higher mortality rates of against studied insecticides. , was resistant to all studied insecticides (deltamethrin, mortality rate: 62.50%, fenitrothion, mortality rate: 35.96% and bendiocarb, mortality rate: 20.16%). The current study represents the first report of susceptibility status of to fenitrothion and bendicarb in Iran. Considering the climatic diversity and geographical conditions of northwestern Iran, reports of resistance of other mosquitoes' of this region, the susceptibility status of medically and veterinary important mosquitoes should be given serious attention.
PubMed: 36320294
DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.134833.3025 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Feb 1977A technician was accidentally exposed to the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion and subsequently treated with pralidoxime for the autonomic, somatic and...
A technician was accidentally exposed to the organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion and subsequently treated with pralidoxime for the autonomic, somatic and psychiatric manifestations of intoxication. Although long-term therapy with pralidoxime is not recommended, this patient required and obtained symptomatic benefit from its prolonged use. Erythrocytic and plasma cholinesterase activities had been monitored prior to exposure and were monitored throughout treatment and following recovery. Continual monitoring of cholinesterase activities of individuals occupationally exposed to organophosphorus ester insecticides and early diagnosis are essential.
Topics: Adult; Cholinesterases; Erythrocytes; Female; Fenitrothion; Humans; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds
PubMed: 844021
DOI: No ID Found