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Circulation Oct 2020This is the summary publication of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation's . It addresses the most recent published evidence reviewed by the First Aid... (Review)
Review
This is the summary publication of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation's . It addresses the most recent published evidence reviewed by the First Aid Task Force science experts. This summary addresses the topics of first aid methods of glucose administration for hypoglycemia; techniques for cooling of exertional hyperthermia and heatstroke; recognition of acute stroke; the use of supplementary oxygen in acute stroke; early or first aid use of aspirin for chest pain; control of life-threatening bleeding through the use of tourniquets, hemostatic dressings, direct pressure, or pressure devices; the use of a compression wrap for closed extremity joint injuries; and temporary storage of an avulsed tooth. Additional summaries of scoping reviews are presented for the use of a recovery position, recognition of a concussion, and 6 other first aid topics. The First Aid Task Force has assessed, discussed, and debated the certainty of evidence on the basis of Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and present their consensus treatment recommendations with evidence-to-decision highlights and identified priority knowledge gaps for future research.
Topics: Aspirin; Bandages; Emergency Medical Services; First Aid; Glucose; Heat Stroke; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hyperthermia; Hypoglycemia
PubMed: 33084394
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000897 -
Circulation Dec 2023The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation engages in a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid science.... (Review)
Review
2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task...
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation engages in a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid science. Draft Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations are posted online throughout the year, and this annual summary provides more concise versions of the final Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations from all task forces for the year. Topics addressed by systematic reviews this year include resuscitation of cardiac arrest from drowning, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults and children, calcium during cardiac arrest, double sequential defibrillation, neuroprognostication after cardiac arrest for adults and children, maintaining normal temperature after preterm birth, heart rate monitoring methods for diagnostics in neonates, detection of exhaled carbon dioxide in neonates, family presence during resuscitation of adults, and a stepwise approach to resuscitation skills training. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces list priority knowledge gaps for further research. Additional topics are addressed with scoping reviews and evidence updates.
Topics: Adult; Female; Child; Infant, Newborn; Humans; First Aid; Consensus; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Premature Birth; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Emergency Medical Services
PubMed: 37942682
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001179 -
The Journal of School Health Apr 2016This review examines the breadth of first aid training delivered to school students and the components that are age appropriate to adolescents. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This review examines the breadth of first aid training delivered to school students and the components that are age appropriate to adolescents.
METHOD
Eligible studies included school-based first aid interventions targeting students aged between 10 and 18 years. Online databases were searched, for peer-reviewed publications available as at August 2014.
RESULTS
A total of 20 journal articles were relevant to the review. Research supported programs with longer durations (3 hours or more). Most programs taught resuscitation alone and few included content that was context-specific and relevant to the target group. The training experience of the facilitator did not appear to impact on student outcomes. Incorporating both practical and didactic components was found to be an important factor in delivering material and facilitating the retention of knowledge. Educational resources and facilitator training were found to be common features of effective programs.
CONCLUSIONS
The review supports first aid in school curriculum and provides details of key components pertinent to design of school-based first aid programs. The findings suggest that first aid training may have benefits wider than the uptake and retention of knowledge and skills. There is a need for future research, particularly randomized controlled trials to aid in identifying best practice approaches.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Curriculum; First Aid; Humans; Schools; Students
PubMed: 26930238
DOI: 10.1111/josh.12373 -
PloS One 2018To provide an up-to-date assessment of the effectiveness of the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training program on improving mental health knowledge, stigma and helping... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To provide an up-to-date assessment of the effectiveness of the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training program on improving mental health knowledge, stigma and helping behaviour.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS
A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted in October 2017 to identify randomised controlled trials or controlled trials of the MHFA program. Eligible trials were in adults, used any comparison condition, and assessed one or more of the following outcomes: mental health first aid knowledge; recognition of mental disorders; treatment knowledge; stigma and social distance; confidence in or intentions to provide mental health first aid; provision of mental health first aid; mental health of trainees or recipients of mental health first aid. Risk of bias was assessed and effect sizes (Cohen's d) were pooled using a random effects model. Separate meta-analyses examined effects at post-training, up to 6 months post-training, and greater than 6 months post-training.
RESULTS
A total of 18 trials (5936 participants) were included. Overall, effects were generally small-to-moderate post-training and up to 6 months later, with effects up to 12-months later unclear. MHFA training led to improved mental health first aid knowledge (ds 0.31-0.72), recognition of mental disorders (ds 0.22-0.52) and beliefs about effective treatments (ds 0.19-0.45). There were also small reductions in stigma (ds 0.08-0.14). Improvements were also observed in confidence in helping a person with a mental health problem (ds 0.21-0.58) and intentions to provide first aid (ds 0.26-0.75). There were small improvements in the amount of help provided to a person with a mental health problem at follow-up (d = 0.23) but changes in the quality of behaviours offered were unclear.
CONCLUSION
This review supports the effectiveness of MHFA training in improving mental health literacy and appropriate support for those with mental health problems up to 6 months after training.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO (CRD42017060596).
Topics: Education, Medical, Continuing; First Aid; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29851974
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197102 -
Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England) Oct 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Coronavirus Infections; First Aid; Global Health; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Occupational Health Services; Pandemics; Personal Protective Equipment; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32749455
DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa148 -
International Maritime Health 2019Jellyfish stings are common in Thailand. Stings can range from mild skin irritation to severe systemic symptoms resulting in death. Jellyfish envenomation is becoming an... (Review)
Review
Jellyfish stings are common in Thailand. Stings can range from mild skin irritation to severe systemic symptoms resulting in death. Jellyfish envenomation is becoming an important public health concern. The lethal box jellyfish and bluebottle jellyfish are found on the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman coasts, but there are still misconception and mismanagement of these types of severe stings. Prevention and awareness of jellyfish stings are important, as well as knowledge and first aid management of severe envenomation. Educational programmes should be provided to locals including school children, teachers, hotel and tour operators, and medical staff. This will greatly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with fatal stings.
Topics: Animals; Bites and Stings; Cnidaria; Cnidarian Venoms; First Aid; Humans; Thailand
PubMed: 30931514
DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2019.0004 -
Singapore Medical Journal Aug 2021The Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council is updating the guidelines for first aid based on the latest evidence-based review from the International First Aid...
The Singapore Resuscitation and First Aid Council is updating the guidelines for first aid based on the latest evidence-based review from the International First Aid Taskforce Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations published in 2020. This is part of the regular updating of standards of care and training for first aid. This article presents some of the updated evidence-based approaches to first aid treatments in common emergencies such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, anaphylaxis, shock, unresponsiveness, seizure, heat disorders, ingested poisons, bleeding, head and spinal injury, bites and dental injuries. These updated treatments will be incorporated into the Standard and Child First Aid course syllabus in Singapore.
Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Child; First Aid; Hemorrhage; Humans; Resuscitation; Singapore
PubMed: 35001126
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2021112 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Sep 2019Training in first aid has a long tradition in Norway. We believe that survival after time-critical events outside hospital can be further improved through systematic...
Training in first aid has a long tradition in Norway. We believe that survival after time-critical events outside hospital can be further improved through systematic training.
Topics: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems; First Aid; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Norway; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Time-to-Treatment
PubMed: 31502783
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.19.0128 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2011More than 5 million people are bitten by venomous snakes annually and more than 100,000 of them die. In Europe, one person dies due to envenomation every 3 years. There...
More than 5 million people are bitten by venomous snakes annually and more than 100,000 of them die. In Europe, one person dies due to envenomation every 3 years. There is only one venomous snake species in Lithuania--the common adder (Vipera berus)--which belongs to the Viperidae family; however, there are some exotic poisonous snakes in the zoos and private collections, such as those belonging to the Elapidae family (cobras, mambas, coral snakes, etc.) and the Crotalidae subfamily of the Viperidae family (pit vipers, such as rattlesnakes). Snake venom can be classified into hemotoxic, neurotoxic, necrotoxic, cardiotoxic, and nephrotoxic according to the different predominant effects depending on the family (i.e., venom of Crotalidae and Viperidae snakes is more hemotoxic and necrotoxic, whereas venom of Elapidae family is mainly neurotoxic). The intoxication degree is estimated according to the appearance of these symptoms: 1) no intoxication ("dry" bite); 2) mild intoxication (local edema and pain); 3) moderate intoxication (pain, edema spreading out of the bite zone, and systemic signs); 4) severe intoxication (shock, severe coagulopathy, and massive edemas). This topic is relevant because people tend to make major mistakes providing first aid (e.g., mouth suction, wound incision, and application of ice or heat). Therefore, this article presents the essential tips on how first aid should be performed properly according to the "Guidelines for the Management of Snake-Bites" by the World Health Organization (2010). Firstly, the victim should be reassured. Rings or other things must be removed preventing constriction of the swelling limb. Airway/breathing must be maintained. The bitten limb should be immobilized and kept below heart level to prevent venom absorption and systemic spread. Usage of pressure bandage is controversial since people usually apply it improperly. Incision, mouth suction, or excision should not be performed; neither a tourniquet nor ice or heat should be applied. A doctor must monitor respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, renal function, fluid balance, and coagulation status. The only specific treatment method is antivenin--serum with antibodies against antigens of snake venom. Antivenins against pit vipers used in the United States are Antivenin Crotalidae Polyvalent (ACP) and a more purified and hence causing less adverse reactions--Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab). In Europe, a polyvalent antiserum against Viperidae family snakes (including the common adder) can be used. Antivenins often may cause severe hypersensitivity reactions because of their protein nature. The bite of the common adder (the only poisonous snake in such countries as Lithuania and Great Britain) relatively rarely results in death; thus, considering the risk of dangerous reactions the antivenin causes itself, the usage of it is recommended to be limited only to life-threatening conditions.
Topics: Animals; Antivenins; First Aid; Humans; Snake Bites; Viper Venoms; Viperidae
PubMed: 22123554
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Nov 1969
Topics: Education; Emergencies; Emergency Medical Services; Family Practice; First Aid; United Kingdom
PubMed: 5354840
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5681.485