-
Marine Drugs Jul 2018Fish oil has been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis,... (Review)
Review
Fish oil has been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. There has been increasing interest in the relationship of fish oil with skin protection and homeostasis, especially with respect to the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The other PUFAs, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), also show a beneficial effect on the skin. The major mechanisms of PUFAs for attenuating cutaneous inflammation are the competition with the inflammatory arachidonic acid and the inhibition of proinflammatory eicosanoid production. On the other hand, PUFAs in fish oil can be the regulators that affect the synthesis and activity of cytokines for promoting wound healing. A systemic review was conducted to demonstrate the association between fish oil supplementation and the benefits to the skin. The following describes the different cosmetic and therapeutic approaches using fatty acids derived from fish oil, especially ALA, LA, DHA, and EPA. This review summarizes the cutaneous application of fish oil and the related fatty acids in the cell-based, animal-based, and clinical models. The research data relating to fish oil treatment of skin disorders suggest a way forward for generating advances in cosmetic and dermatological uses.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Cosmetics; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Fish Oils; Fishes; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Skin; Skin Aging; Skin Diseases; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 30061538
DOI: 10.3390/md16080256 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fish Oils; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3
PubMed: 38048908
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100161 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jan 2016
Topics: Adult; Child; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fetal Development; Fish Oils; Humans; Infant; Pregnancy
PubMed: 26675763
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126607 -
Journal of Oleo Science Jan 2019The benefit of fish oil to health has been widely recognized because of the high contents of functional EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) in the oil; however, the... (Review)
Review
The benefit of fish oil to health has been widely recognized because of the high contents of functional EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) in the oil; however, the application of fish oil has been limited by its high susceptibility to oxidation. This review reports the characteristics of EPA and DHA oxidation compared with those of other fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6). In addition, effective approaches to protect against oxidation are discussed, focusing on the unique antioxidant potential of amine compounds. Finally, the exceptionally high oxidative stability of EPA and DHA in biological systems is discussed. Understanding the protective mechanism against EPA and DHA oxidation in such systems may be useful for the development of an effective antioxidant procedure for fish oil that is rich in EPA and DHA.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Drug Stability; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fish Oils; Fishes; Food Preservation; Oxidation-Reduction; Phospholipids; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 30542006
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18144 -
Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 2017Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and even though many forms of therapy exist, about one third of patients treated with conventional... (Review)
Review
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and even though many forms of therapy exist, about one third of patients treated with conventional antidepressants do not experience a response. For these reasons, new approaches to treat depression, including fish oil, are being investigated. Fish oil is known to have many beneficial side effects, and clinical trials demonstrate that supplementation with fish oil is beneficial in the management of depression. Fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and there are several mechanisms by which PUFAs are thought to induce an antidepressant effect, including anti-inflammatory action and direct effects on membrane properties. This review will analyze and evaluate the clinical trials surrounding fish oil use in the treatment of depression, and will also review the likely sites of action of PUFAs at the cell membrane with special attention being placed on lipid rafts and G-proteins.
Topics: Animals; Depressive Disorder; Dietary Supplements; Fish Oils; Humans
PubMed: 29254106
DOI: 10.3233/JIN-170072 -
Lipids in Health and Disease Jul 2017Fish oil supplementation has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and benefit a wide range of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Fish oil supplementation has been shown to be associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and benefit a wide range of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and several types of cancers. However, the evidence of fish oil supplementation on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity is still controversial. This meta-analysis summarized the exist evidence of the relationship between fish oil supplementation and insulin sensitivity and aimed to evaluate whether fish oil supplementation could improve insulin sensitivity.
METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase database for the relevant studies update to Dec 2016. Two researchers screened the literature independently by the selection and exclusion criteria. Studies were pooled using random effect models to estimate a pooled SMD and corresponding 95% CI. This meta-analysis was performed by Stata 13.1 software.
RESULTS
A total of 17 studies with 672 participants were included in this meta-analysis study after screening from 498 published articles found after the initial search. In a pooled analysis, fish oil supplementation had no effects on insulin sensitivity compared with the placebo (SMD 0.17, 95%CI -0.15 to 0.48, p = 0.292). In subgroup analysis, fish oil supplementation could benefit insulin sensitivity among people who were experiencing at least one symptom of metabolic disorders (SMD 0.53, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.88, p < 0.001). Similarly, there were no significant differences between subgroups of methods of insulin sensitivity, doses of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of fish oil supplementation or duration of the intervention. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust.
CONCLUSIONS
Short-term fish oil supplementation is associated with increasing the insulin sensitivity among those people with metabolic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Databases, Factual; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fish Oils; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 28673352
DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0528-0 -
Circulation. Cardiovascular Quality and... Nov 2018Background Fish oil is among the most common natural supplements for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia or prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, concerns about... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Background Fish oil is among the most common natural supplements for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia or prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, concerns about theoretical bleeding risk have led to recommendations that patients should stop taking fish oil before surgery or delay in elective procedures for patients taking fish oil by some health care professionals. Methods and Results We tested the effect of fish oil supplementation on perioperative bleeding in a multinational, placebo-controlled trial involving 1516 patients who were randomized to perioperative fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid; 8-10 g for 2-5 days preoperatively, and then 2 g/d postoperatively) or placebo. Primary outcome was major perioperative bleeding as defined by the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Secondary outcomes include perioperative bleeding per thrombolysis in myocardial infarction and International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis definitions, chest tube output, and total units of blood transfused. Participants' mean (SD) age was 63 (13) years, and planned surgery included coronary artery bypass graft (52%) and valve surgery (50%). The primary outcome occurred in 92 patients (6.1%). Compared with placebo, risk of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium bleeding was not higher in the fish oil group: odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.53-1.24; absolute risk difference, 1.1% lower (95% CI, -3.0% to 1.8%). Similar findings were seen for secondary bleeding definitions. The total units of blood transfused were significantly lower in the fish oil group compared with placebo (mean, 1.61 versus 1.92; P<0.001). Evaluating achieved plasma phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels with supplementation (on the morning of surgery), higher levels were associated with lower risk of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium bleeding, with substantially lower risk in the third (odds ratio, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.11-0.78]) and fourth (0.36 [95% CI, 0.15-0.87]) quartiles, compared with the lowest quartile. Conclusions Fish oil supplementation did not increase perioperative bleeding and reduced the number of blood transfusions. Higher achieved n-3-PUFA levels were associated with lower risk of bleeding. These novel findings support the need for reconsideration of current recommendations to stop fish oil or delay procedures before cardiac surgery. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00970489.
Topics: Aged; Coronary Artery Bypass; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fish Oils; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Risk
PubMed: 30571332
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004584 -
Journal of the Formosan Medical... Jul 2023Diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiac dysfunction are the hallmarks of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Pathogens include hypercoagulability, inflammation,... (Review)
Review
Diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiac dysfunction are the hallmarks of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Pathogens include hypercoagulability, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Increased white fat, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are caused by obesity. Depression increases the risk of future obesity, a surprising link between obesity and neuropathology. High glucose levels, abnormal lipids, and metabolic syndrome are the root causes of CVD associated with diabetes. Diets high in fat induce insulin resistance and liver fat. Inflammation, diminished insulin signaling, and ectopic lipid accumulation are the causes of ectopic lipid accumulation. Polyunsaturated fatty acids with eicosapentaenoic acid and docohexasonoic acid inhibit the synthesis of triglycerides and increase their clearance. Omega-3 regulates the nervous system, blood pressure, hematic clotting, glucose tolerance, and inflammation. However, anxiety and depression can cause cardiovascular disease. It has been shown that PUFAs found in fish oil can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, cardiac membrane composition, and inflammation in the body. By repairing the dysregulation of metabolic syndrome, fish oil is a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Humans; Fish Oils; Metabolic Syndrome; Cardiovascular Diseases; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus; Inflammation; Glucose
PubMed: 37002172
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.013 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Anti-inflammatory effect of combining fish oil and evening primrose oil supplementation on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled, 12-week supplementation trial, investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary intake of fish oil and evening primrose oil (EPO), in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were changes in the nutritional status and inflammatory cytokines of patients during the study. The secondary outcomes were changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile. Of the 32 eligible patients, half of them is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with fish oil and EPO (n = 16), or a control arm (n = 16) with mineral oil as a placebo. The intervention group was taking 2 gel capsules of fish oil and 3 gel capsules of EPO (400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid, and 351 mg gamma-linolenic acid) fish oil and evening primrose oil for 12 weeks, during their chemotherapy. The control/placebo group was taking 5 gel capsules of 1g of mineral oil. One of the patients dropped out due to discontinuation of the treatment (in the placebo group) and two did not show up at the post-treatment measurements (in the intervention group), thus, 29 women completed the study. The results showed an increase in plasma levels of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), total n-3PUFA, vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the intervention group. An increase in the plasma level of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) was observed in the placebo group. There was no difference in plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, while the level of IL-6 decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in the intervention group at the end of the study. In conclusion, this supplementation improved the PUFA status and decreased the level of IL-6 in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Consequently, this treatment may help reduce cancer complications resulting from impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03516253. Date of registration 04/05/2018.
Topics: Female; Animals; Fish Oils; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Interleukin-6; Mineral Oil; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Double-Blind Method; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37081029
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28411-8 -
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and... Mar 2023Little is known about the effects of over-the-counter fish oil (FO) supplements on circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA)-derived specialized...
OBJECTIVE
Little is known about the effects of over-the-counter fish oil (FO) supplements on circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA)-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), nor about whether having a chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influences SPM levels. We investigated associations between over-the-counter n-3 PUFA FO supplementation and circulating SPMs among patients with vs. without RA.
METHODS
We studied 104 participants: 26 with RA taking FO matched by age and sex to 26 with RA not taking FO, 26 without RA taking FO, and 26 without RA not taking FO. Targeted-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy was performed on patient plasma to identify and quantify 27 lipid mediators (including eicosanoids and SPMs). We performed t-tests and then multivariable linear regression analyses to assess whether having RA or taking FO supplements was associated with circulating lipid mediator concentrations, adjusting for age, race, sex, smoking, body mass index, and current medication use (statins, prednisone and immunomodulators among RA cases only). We tested for interactions between FO supplementation and RA status. We also conducted Spearman's correlations between EPA, DHA, and ARA and their downstream metabolites.
RESULTS
Among patients who were taking FO compared to those who were not, in multivariable- adjusted analyses, SPM substrates EPA and DHA were both elevated as were several of their pro-resolving bioactive products, including 15- and 18-HEPE from EPA, and 14- and 17-HDHA from DHA, which are substrates for specific SPMs. While E-series and D-series resolvins were present and identified, we did not find statistical elevations of other SPMs. Results were similar among patients with RA and patients without RA, taking vs. not taking FO supplementation (no formal statistical interaction observed). There was a strong positive correlation between EPA and DHA and their immediate downstream SPM precursors (18-HEPE and15-HEPE from EPA; 17-HDHA and 14-HDHA from DHA) among all patients.
CONCLUSION
Patients taking FO supplements, regardless of RA status, not only had higher blood levels of EPA and DHA, but also of their enzymatic products 18-HEPE (E-series resolvin precursors), 15-HEPE and 17-HDHA (D-series resolvin and protectin precursors). Patients with RA, an inflammatory autoimmune disease, may be able to augment some SPM precursor reserves, similarly to matched controls without RA, by taking oral FO supplements.
Topics: Humans; Fish Oils; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 36773395
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102542