-
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2020With the widespread popularity of hyperuricemia, it has become a severe threat to human public health. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary fructose has a close... (Review)
Review
With the widespread popularity of hyperuricemia, it has become a severe threat to human public health. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary fructose has a close relationship with hyperuricemia, but the role of fructose intake in hyperuricemia remains unclear. Hyperuricemia is characterized by excessive production and deposition of urate crystals. Metabolism of fructose leads to the increased serum concentration of urate. In this review, we depict an update of fructose consumption worldwide and the epidemiology of hyperuricemia and summarize the progress in studying the relationship between fructose intake and the risk of hyperuricemia. This review highlights the metabolic process of fructose in the liver, small intestine, and kidney. Furthermore, we discuss molecular insights on fructose metabolism to reveal the underlying mechanism of fructose metabolism. Additionally, we elaborate on the effect of fructose metabolism on hyperuricemia to deeply understand the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia caused by fructose intake. Fructose consumption has a close correlation with an enhanced risk of developing hyperuricemia. More prospective studies are inevitable to understand the role of fructose intake in the development of hyperuricemia.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Fructose; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Risk; Uric Acid
PubMed: 33152951
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110795 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2023The fructose survival hypothesis proposes that obesity and metabolic disorders may have developed from over-stimulation of an evolutionary-based biologic response... (Review)
Review
The fructose survival hypothesis proposes that obesity and metabolic disorders may have developed from over-stimulation of an evolutionary-based biologic response (survival switch) that aims to protect animals of crisis. The response is characterized by hunger, thirst, foraging, weight gain, fat accumulation, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and increased blood pressure. The process is initiated by the ingestion of fructose or by stimulating endogenous fructose production via the polyol pathway. Unlike other nutrients, fructose reduces the active energy (adenosine triphosphate) in the cell, while blocking its regeneration from fat stores. This is mediated by intracellular uric acid, mitochondrial oxidative stress, the inhibition of AMP kinase and stimulation of vasopressin. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed, and glycolysis stimulated. While this response is aimed to be modest and short-lived, the response in humans is exaggerated due to gain of 'thrifty genes' coupled with a western diet rich in foods that contain or generate fructose. We propose excessive fructose metabolism not only explains obesity but the epidemics of diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity-associated cancers, vascular and Alzheimer's dementia, and even ageing. Moreover, the hypothesis unites current hypotheses on obesity. Reducing activation and/or blocking this pathway and stimulating mitochondrial regeneration may benefit health-span. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Fructose; Obesity; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Hominidae; Insulin Resistance; Liver
PubMed: 37482773
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0230 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Sep 2016The best treatment options for binge-eating disorder are unclear. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The best treatment options for binge-eating disorder are unclear.
PURPOSE
To summarize evidence about the benefits and harms of psychological and pharmacologic therapies for adults with binge-eating disorder.
DATA SOURCES
English-language publications in EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Academic OneFile, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov through 18 November 2015, and in MEDLINE through 12 May 2016.
STUDY SELECTION
9 waitlist-controlled psychological trials and 25 placebo-controlled trials that evaluated pharmacologic (n = 19) or combination (n = 6) treatment. All were randomized trials with low or medium risk of bias.
DATA EXTRACTION
2 reviewers independently extracted trial data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Therapist-led cognitive behavioral therapy, lisdexamfetamine, and second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) decreased binge-eating frequency and increased binge-eating abstinence (relative risk, 4.95 [95% CI, 3.06 to 8.00], 2.61 [CI, 2.04 to 3.33], and 1.67 [CI, 1.24 to 2.26], respectively). Lisdexamfetamine (mean difference [MD], -6.50 [CI, -8.82 to -4.18]) and SGAs (MD, -3.84 [CI, -6.55 to -1.13]) reduced binge-eating-related obsessions and compulsions, and SGAs reduced symptoms of depression (MD, -1.97 [CI, -3.67 to -0.28]). Headache, gastrointestinal upset, sleep disturbance, and sympathetic nervous system arousal occurred more frequently with lisdexamfetamine than placebo (relative risk range, 1.63 to 4.28). Other forms of cognitive behavioral therapy and topiramate also increased abstinence and reduced binge-eating frequency and related psychopathology. Topiramate reduced weight and increased sympathetic nervous system arousal, and lisdexamfetamine reduced weight and appetite.
LIMITATIONS
Most study participants were overweight or obese white women aged 20 to 40 years. Many treatments were examined only in single studies. Outcomes were measured inconsistently across trials and rarely assessed beyond end of treatment.
CONCLUSION
Cognitive behavioral therapy, lisdexamfetamine, SGAs, and topiramate reduced binge eating and related psychopathology, and lisdexamfetamine and topiramate reduced weight in adults with binge-eating disorder.
PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Obesity Agents; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Binge-Eating Disorder; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Fructose; Humans; Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate; Topiramate
PubMed: 27367316
DOI: 10.7326/M15-2455 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Sep 2022Over the past decades, the role of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic diseases has come forward. In this regard, both composition and function of our intestinal... (Review)
Review
Over the past decades, the role of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic diseases has come forward. In this regard, both composition and function of our intestinal microbiota is highly variable and influenced by multiple factors, of which diet is one of the major elements. Between 1970 and 1990, diet composition has changed and consumption of dietary sugars has increased, of which fructose intake rose by more than 10-fold. This increased intake of sugars and fructose is considered as one of the major risk factors in the developments of obesity and several metabolic disturbances. In this review, we describe the association of dietary fructose intake with insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we will focus on the potential causality of this altered gut microbiota using fecal transplantation studies in human metabolic disease and whether fecal microbial transplant can reverse this phenotype.
Topics: Diet; Fructose; Humans; Liver; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35876289
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00439.2021 -
Chinese Medical Journal May 2021Excessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it...
Excessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We provide an overview about the features of fructose metabolism, as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose intake is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases both in humans and rodents. To accomplish this aim, we focus on illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fructose metabolism as well as its signaling effects on metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease, highlighting the role of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in regulating fructose metabolism.
Topics: Fructose; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 34010200
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001545 -
Epilepsia 1999Six studies are cited to demonstrate that topiramate is effective as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial-onset seizures in adults. Subsequent studies indicate that... (Review)
Review
Six studies are cited to demonstrate that topiramate is effective as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial-onset seizures in adults. Subsequent studies indicate that topiramate is also effective as monotherapy in adults and as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in children, tonic-clonic seizures of nonfocal origin in children and adults, and drop attacks in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Adverse effects for adults and children included dizziness, fatigue, ataxia, confusion, somnolence, nephrolithiasis, paresthesia, and weight loss. More adverse effects were observed at higher doses. Topiramate exhibits rapid absorption, long duration of action, and minimal interaction with other antiepileptic drugs.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Ataxia; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dizziness; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Fatigue; Fructose; Humans; Topiramate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 10530697
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00922.x -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Dec 2022Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are promising for therapeutic use in cartilage repair, because of their capacity to differentiate into chondrocytes. Often,...
BACKGROUND
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are promising for therapeutic use in cartilage repair, because of their capacity to differentiate into chondrocytes. Often, in vitro differentiation protocols employ the use of high amount of glucose, which does not reflect cartilage physiology. For this reason, we investigated how different concentrations of glucose can affect the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in cell culture pellets. Additionally, we investigated how fructose could influence the chondrogenic differentiation in vitro.
METHODS
BMSC were isolated from six donors and cultured in DMEM containing glucose at either 25 mM (HG), 5.5 mM (LG) or 1 mM (LLG), and 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% ITS+, in the presence of 100 nM dexamethasone, 50 µg/ml ascorbic acid-2 phosphate and 10 ng/ml TGF-β1. To investigate the effect of different metabolic substrates, other groups were exposed to additional 25 mM fructose. The media were replaced every second day until day 21 when all the pellets were harvested for further analyses. Biochemical analysis for glycosaminoglycans into pellets and released in medium was performed using the DMMB method. Expression of GLUT3 and GLUT5 was assayed by qPCR and validated using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence in monolayer cultures. Chondrogenic differentiation was further confirmed by qPCR analysis of COL2A1, COL1A1, COL10A1, ACAN, RUNX2, SOX9, SP7, MMP13, and PPARG, normalized on RPLP0. Type 2 collagen expression was subsequently validated by immunofluorescence analysis.
RESULTS
We show for the first time the presence of fructose transporter GLUT5 in BMSC and its regulation during chondrogenic commitment. Additionally, decreasing glucose concentration during chondrogenesis dramatically decreased the yield of differentiation. However, the use of fructose alone or together with low glucose concentrations does not limit cell differentiation, but on the contrary it might help in maintaining a stable chondrogenic phenotype comparable with the standard culture conditions (high glucose).
CONCLUSION
This study provides evidence that BMSC express GLUT5 and differentially regulate GLUT3 in the presence of glucose variation. This study gives a better comprehension of BMSCs sugar use during chondrogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Glucose Transporter Type 3; Bone Marrow; Chondrogenesis; Glucose; Fructose; Chondrocytes; Cell Differentiation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Cells, Cultured; Bone Marrow Cells
PubMed: 36575539
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03214-2 -
European Journal of Nutrition Dec 2023Consumption of fructose has repeatedly been discussed to be a key factor in the development of health disturbances such as hypertension, diabetes type 2, and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Consumption of fructose has repeatedly been discussed to be a key factor in the development of health disturbances such as hypertension, diabetes type 2, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite intense research efforts, the question if and how high dietary fructose intake interferes with human health has not yet been fully answered.
RESULTS
Studies suggest that besides its insulin-independent metabolism dietary fructose may also impact intestinal homeostasis and barrier function. Indeed, it has been suggested by the results of human and animal as well as in vitro studies that fructose enriched diets may alter intestinal microbiota composition. Furthermore, studies have also shown that both acute and chronic intake of fructose may lead to an increased formation of nitric oxide and a loss of tight junction proteins in small intestinal tissue. These alterations have been related to an increased translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like bacterial endotoxin and an induction of dependent signaling cascades in the liver but also other tissues.
CONCLUSION
In the present narrative review, results of studies assessing the effects of fructose on intestinal barrier function and their impact on the development of health disturbances with a particular focus on the liver are summarized and discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Fructose; Liver; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Intestines; Diet
PubMed: 37596353
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03232-7 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2017Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. The management is primarily based on pharmacological agents and in clinical practice propranolol and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. The management is primarily based on pharmacological agents and in clinical practice propranolol and primidone are considered the first-line therapy. However, these treatments can be ineffective in 25% to 55% of people and are frequently associated with serious adverse events (AEs). For these reasons, it is worthwhile evaluating other treatments for ET. Topiramate has been suggested as a potentially useful agent for the treatment of ET but there is uncertainty about its efficacy and safety.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of ET.
SEARCH METHODS
We carried out a systematic search without language restrictions to identify all relevant trials in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (January 1966 to January 2017), Embase (January 1988 to January 2017), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (1999 to January 2017), ClinicalTrials.gov (1997 to January 2017) and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; 2004 to January 2017). We searched BIOSIS Citation Index (2000 to January 2017) for conference proceedings. We handsearched grey literature and the reference lists of identified studies and reviews.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of topiramate versus placebo/open control or any other treatments. We included studies in which the diagnosis of ET was made according to accepted and validated diagnostic criteria. We excluded studies conducted in people presenting with secondary forms of tremor or reporting only neurophysiological parameters to assess outcomes.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently collected and extracted data using a data collection form. We assessed the risk of bias and the quality of evidence. We used a fixed-effect meta-analysis for data synthesis.
MAIN RESULTS
This review included three trials comparing topiramate to placebo (309 participants). They were all at high overall risk of bias. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to low. Compared to placebo, participants treated with topiramate showed a significant improvement in functional disability and an increased risk of withdrawal (risk ratio (RR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 2.60). There were more AEs for topiramate-treated participants, particularly paraesthesia, weight loss, appetite decrease and memory difficulty.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review highlighted the presence of limited data and very low to low quality evidence to support the apparent efficacy and the occurrence of treatment-limiting AEs in people with ET treated with topiramate. Further research to assess topiramate efficacy and safety on ET is needed.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Anticonvulsants; Essential Tremor; Fructose; Humans; Patient Dropouts; Publication Bias; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Topiramate
PubMed: 28409827
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009683.pub2 -
Nutrients Jun 2022Fructose consumption, especially in food additives and sugar-sweetened beverages, has gained increasing attention due to its potential association with obesity and... (Review)
Review
Fructose consumption, especially in food additives and sugar-sweetened beverages, has gained increasing attention due to its potential association with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The relationship between fructose and a high-salt diet, leading to hypertension and other deleterious cardiovascular parameters, has also become more evident, especially in preclinical studies. However, these studies have been modeled primarily on Western diets. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the dietary habits of individuals from China, Japan, and Korea, in light of the existing preclinical studies, to assess the potential relevance of existing data to East Asian societies. This review is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to highlight the similarities and differences that should be considered in future preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic studies regarding the impact of dietary fructose and salt on blood pressure and cardiovascular health worldwide.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Diet, Western; Fructose; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 35745245
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122515